A review paper on ultra and nano

membrane filtration with different

filter cloth
SUPERVISED BY: DR.ABU BAKKAR SIDDIQUE
DEAN(FACULTY OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY
HASAN SYEAD ONIKE ID: 161-100-0-155
SALMAN SAYEED SHUVO ID:161-102-0-155
AFROJA HOSSAIAN AKA ID:161-100-0-155
 Introduction
Filtration mainly the mechanical and physical operation with which solids separates from fluids (Liquids
or gases) by interposing a proper medium for allows the passes of fluid only. The size of solids which is
bigger than the allowable pore size is retained.
By water filtration process undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases
removed from contaminate or wastewater.

 The methods used generally:

1. Physical process
 Membrane Filtration
 Sedimentation
 Distillation
2. Biological process
 Biologically active carbon
3. Chemical process
 Flocculation
 Coagulation
 Chlorination
 Classification of membrane Filtration
1. Dry filtration
 Gas filtration
 Air filtration
2. Wet filtration
Mainly wet filtration is three types.

1. Surface Filtration 2. Depth Filtration 3. Cake Filtration

 Membrane Filtration
 Types of membrane filtration
According to membrane separation process there are four accepted categories of membrane .These types of
filtration is on the based on pore size i.e. on particle size filtration range.
These are:
1. Microfiltration
Microfiltration is porous type. Microfiltration has a pore size around 0.1 um (100 nm). Also operates with a low
pressure 1-4 bars (100-400 KPa). In microfiltration suspended solids, bacteria (0.3-30um) are not allowed to pass
through. Used as pre filtration for ultrafiltration.

2. Ultrafiltration
The particle size filtration ranged 0.004 μm- 0.1 μm (4-100nm). Ultrafiltration rejects viruses( 0.003-0.05 um) and
molecular weight more than 10000. Pressure is higher than micro filtration and rage is 5-10 bar (500-1000kPa).

3. Nanofiltration
Particle size filtration range is 0.0012- 0.012 um (1.2-12 nm) . Required pressure range is 20-40 bar (2,000-4,000
KPa).Small organic compounds removal is an application of Nano filtration. Small ions can pass through Nano
membrane e.g. Minerals but excluding large ions and most organic components e.g. Bacteria, spores, fats, proteins,
gums and sugars separated with this type.
4. Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis remove ions from water. It is the last stage in water purification system.
Operating pressure range 30-60 bar (3,000-6,000 kPa) .Molecules size to be separated
0.0005 um (0.5 nm) to 0.0015 um (1.5 nm).

 Some Important Characterization of nonwoven fabrics that are used for

filtration

 Polypropylene
1. Oxidizing agents: Sensitive to oxidizing agents such as chlorine, nitric acid etc.
2. Chemical degradation: Resistance to chemical degradation so widely used in wet
filtration.
3. Effect of water : Excellent hydrolysis resistant
4. Effect of Acid : Anti acid
5. Effect of Alkali: Anti alkali
6. Good wash ability and quick drying properties
7. PP nonwoven filter cloth has lowest temperature resistance up to 80°C
8. PP non-woven fabrics have poor hydrophilicity.

9. PP non-woven fabrics must have a porosity of ≤ 1 μm and remove impurities >95% to perform as a
functional membrane

10. Filter cloth produced by melt blown spinning generally have porosity 8-15 μm

11. Heat and plasma process applied on PP to control porosity and impart hydrophilicity.

12. After treatment such as oxygen plasma treatment contact angel decrease so hydrophilicity increases

13. Melting point 165°C

14. Moisture regain : >0.1 % at standard condition

15. Surface is sleek excellent filter cake release.

16. Filter cycle is shorten

 Polyester
Higher strength
Relatively high temperature resistance
Low resistance to alkalis, acids and steam
Excellent abrasion resistance
Can work up to 150°C (302 F)
Good resistance to common acids, solvents and oxidizing agents
At elevated temperature there is tendency to get hydrolyzed
High tensile strength
Wear resistance
Good filter cake release
Resistance against most organic acid except high concentration sulfuric, nitric and carbolic acid
Resistance to weak most oxidizing agents
Alkali resistance: Average
Electric Conductivity: Poor
Static Electricity: Accumulates
Limited deformability
Low hygroscopicity
 Regenerated Cellulose
Natural and renewable polymer
Limited solubility to typical solvents.
Tendency to aggregate and form gel.
Cellulose nano crystal has high aspect ratio and surface area.
Excellent chemical, mechanical and thermal properties.
Cellulose nano crystal has relatively higher elastic modulus 120-150 GPa.
Cellulose acetate (CA) easily dissolved in nonpolar solvents and processing is easy.
Cellulose diacetate (CDA) has a higher flux compared to CA
Cellulose triacetate has slightly stronger thermal, chemical and biological stabilities.
CA with higher acetylation will result in higher selectivity but lower water permeability.
CA membrane stable in PH 4-6 range
Hydrolysis happened in acidic and base solution.
CA is exceptional chlorine resistance, which is better for water disinfection
Thanks To Everyone