Bull and Heifer Management and

Selection for Replacements

Kuliah ke-2, MRIB - I
 The Importance of Sire Selection
• Opportunity for Genetic Change
• Permanent and Long ‐Term Change
• Providing bull replacement
• Insure the mating service for all dams
 The Importance of Sire Selection
1. Opportunity for Genetic Change
– The greatest opportunity for genetic change is
with sire selection.
– Genetic change in cow-calf operations can occur
both through sire selection and through
replacement female selection in conjunction with
cow culling.
 The Importance of – cont’s
2. Permanent and Long ‐Term Change
– Genetic change is permanent change, while the
other parameters are temporarily (pen, feed,
management)
– A selected sire has a favorable or unfavorable
effect on the herd, if his daughters enter the herd,
his effects will remain for a considerable period of
time
– Short term change is by environmental change
What’s it you can conclude…?
Selection
Permanent
(genetic)
Breeding
mating
Change for
Improvement Feed &
feeding

Temporarily Handling/
(environment) Rearing

Disease, etc.
 Breed and Composite Selection
• Breed and Composite Defined
– Breed: is a genetic strain or type of domestic livestock that
has consis­tent and inherited characteristics such as coat
color or pattern
– performance traits: common characteristics shared by
individuals of a breed.
– Common characteristics are the performance traits often
associated with a breed as its reputation has grown over
time and represent the core traits for which a breed of
livestock has been selected for over time.
– Breeds differ in the level of performance for various traits as
a result of different selection goals of breeders.
• Beef Breed and Composite Characterization
– Some crosses is directed to native or lacal breeds
– Some others is to exotic one

Consider advantages and dis-

advantages….?
• Use of Breeds and Composites for Genetic
Improvement
– Inclusion or exclusion of germ-plasm from a breed
(or composite) is a valuable selection tool for
making rapid directional changes in genetic merit
for a wide range of traits.
– Changes in progeny pheno­type that occur when
breeds are substituted in a breeding program
come from two genetic sources
 Beef Sire Selection
• Selection Goals
– Cow: should target an acceptable combination of
traits that complement the strengths and
weaknesses of the cow herd and match markets.
– When selecting a bull, consider the needs of the
cow herd.
Bagaimana cara memilih sifat yang bagus?
Ask questions that will help match a bull to the
cow herd.
• Do weaning weights need to be improved? If so, growth
performance is a priority in the selection process.
• Does calf crop color uniformity need improvement?
If so, color pattern inheritance is an important consideration in
bull selection.
• Will the bull be bred to heifers and is limited labor available to
assist with calving? If either is the case, calving ease is a priority.
• Are there plans to retain ownership of calves beyond the feedlot
and market them on a value‐based pricing grid? If so, attention
needs to focus on carcass traits in selecting breeding animals.
 Determining bull fertility in the herd
Some factors influencing bull fertility:
- Scrotal circumfenrence
- Libido / mating ability
- Pubertal development
- Semen production
- Healthy
- Social dominance

Tasks- Search paper and analysis:

1. Relationship between scrotal cimfumference and semen production in cattle
2. Effect age on semen production
3. Effect of body weight on semen production in bull
Determining reproductive Fertility in Herd
Bulls
 Puberty and bull development
• Age of puberty (sperm >50 x 10 mill, >10%
progressive motility)
• Age of puberty is affected by nutrition
• Optimum Nutrition  weight, height and
scrotal circumference
References:
1. Lunstra et al. 1978. Puberty in Beef Bulls: Hormone Concentrations,
Growth, Testicular Development, Sperm Production and Sexual
Aggressiveness in Bulls of Different Breeds. J ANIM SCI 1978, 46:1054-
1062. http://jas.fass.org/content/46/4/1054
2. Murphy et al. 2018. Influence of bull age, ejaculate number, and season
of collection…………….. J. Anim. Sci. 2018.96:2408–2418, doi:
10.1093/jas/sky130
 Breeding soundness Evaluation (BSE)
• Evaluations- three important criteria:
– Physical evaluation
– Measurement of scrotal circumference
– Evaluation of semen quality
• Mating ability
– As physical capabilities needed to successfully
breed a cow
– Smell, eat and move normally
– Bull’s eyes, teeth, feet, legs and BCS
– Joints, muscles, nerves, bones or tendons
• Scrotal circumference:
– Increasing scrotal circumference  high
production of spermatozoa
Hubungan umur dengan lingkar scrotum
Hubungan antara umur dengan BB dan LS

Bollwein et el. 2017. Anim. Reprod., v.14, n.3, p.607-613, Jul./Sept. 2017
 Age and semen production

Murphy et al. 2018,………….. J. Anim. Sci. 2018.96:2408–2418

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky130
 SAPI BALI

Table 1. Average body weight of Bali bulls at age 1 to 10

years

Body Weight (kg)

Age n (data) Mean (kg) ± sd 660
636
1 9 212 ± 46.2a 579 591 583 597 610
2 78 441 ± 90.3b
3 188 468 ± 66.1c 441
468
4 189 579 ± 61.9d
5 228 591 ± 73.9de
6 331 583 ± 67.7d
212
7 288 597 ± 50.9de
8 130 610 ± 36.9e
9 72 636 ± 66.1f
10 31 660 ± 17.9f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Umur (tahun)

C. D. Nugraha1, E. Herwijanti2, I. Novianti1, A. Furqon1, W.A. Septian1, W. Busono,

and S. Suyadi. 2019. ……….. J.Indonesian Trop.Anim.Agric. 44(3)258-265, September 2019
Table 2. Average semen quality of Bali bull at the age of 2 to 10 years old

Sperm Concentration
Volume (ml) Individual Motility (%)
Age (106)
n (ejaculate)
(yr)
Mean ± sd Mean ± sd Mean ± sd
2 35 4.74 ± 1.41ab 56.7 ± 15.6a 1088 ± 239ab
3 137 4.43 ± 1.12a 60.1 ± 11.6b 1124 ± 306b
4 157 4.90 ± 1.09bc 62.5 ± 10.2bc 1068 ± 270ab
5 185 5.21 ± 1.16c 62.5 ± 9.38bc 1004 ± 289a
6 278 5.67 ± 1.24d 62.5 ± 10.1bc 1026 ± 278ab
7 271 5.82 ± 1.44d 64.5 ± 8.93c 1092 ± 284ab
8 151 5.98 ± 1.26de 62.9 ± 11.2bc 1086 ± 257ab
9 69 6.29 ± 1.32e
Volume 62.8 ± 11.9bc 1032 ± 273ab
10 21 7 6.40 ± 0.85e 65.6 ± 7.66c 1070 ± 173ab
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Effect of Body Weight on semen production
in Bali Bulls

Nugraha CD, …S Suyadi. 2019. ………….. Journal of Tropical Animal Production

Vol 20, No. 1 pp. 70-75, Juni 2019 . DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtapro.2019.020.01.9
Season on semen production in Bali Bull
(Suyadi et al. 2020)
 Other variables:
• Libido
• Male to female ratio
• Social dominance
• Jumlah mouting
• Daya dorong saat kopulasi
• Daya jepit saat kopulasi
Sex behavior and semen production in Boer
Goat (Suyadi, 2012)

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 6(6) 2012.

scholar.waset.org/1999.1/1739
Effect on Body weight on sperm production
in PO bull

Reference.
• L. Muthiapriani1), E. Herwijanti, I. Novianti, A. Furqon1), W.A.
Septian1), Suyadi. 2019. ……………. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan
29(1) : 75 – 82. Available online at http://jiip.ub.ac.id
 Scrotal Circumference and Sperm
Production in PO bull

Reference.
• L. Muthiapriani1), E. Herwijanti, I. Novianti, A. Furqon1), W.A.
Septian1), Suyadi. 2019. ……………. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan
29(1) : 75 – 82. Available online at http://jiip.ub.ac.id
 Task/ Tugas
1. Uraikan cara pemeliharaan pejantan yang benar (kandang dan
pakan)
2. Bagaimana cara memilih pejantan untuk menghasilkan
pejantan yang berkualitas bagus
3. Uraikan cara / manajemen pengaturan perkawinan pejantan
dengan induk yang dipelihara dalam suatu ranch (setiap
kelompok / herd terdiri dari 50 ekor induk)

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