Signal Processing First

Lecture 4
Spectrum Representation

01/03/24 © 2003, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 1

READING ASSIGNMENTS

 This Lecture:
 Chapter 3, Section 3-1

 Other Reading:
 Appendix A: Complex Numbers

 Next Lecture: Ch 3, Sects 3-2, 3-3, 3-7 & 3-8

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES

 Sinusoids with DIFFERENT Frequencies

 SYNTHESIZE by Adding Sinusoids
N
x (t )   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
k 1
 SPECTRUM Representation
 Graphical Form shows DIFFERENT Freqs

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FREQUENCY DIAGRAM

 Plot Complex Amplitude vs. Freq

10
j / 3  j / 3
7e 7e
 j / 2 j / 2
4e 4e

–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)

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Another FREQ. Diagram
A-440
Frequency is the vertical axis

Time is the horizontal axis

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MOTIVATION

 Synthesize Complicated Signals

 Musical Notes
 Piano uses 3 strings for many notes
 Chords: play several notes simultaneously
 Human Speech
 Vowels have dominant frequencies
 Application: computer generated speech
 Can all signals be generated this way?
 Sum of sinusoids?

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Fur Elise WAVEFORM

Beat
Notes

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Speech Signal: BAT

 Nearly Periodic in Vowel Region

 Period is (Approximately) T = 0.0065 sec

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Euler’s Formula Reversed
 Solve for cosine (or sine)
j t
e  cos( t )  j sin( t )
 j t
e  cos(  t )  j sin(  t )
 j t
e  cos( t )  j sin( t )
j t  j t
e e  2 cos( t )
cos( t )  1 ( e j t e  j t
)
2
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INVERSE Euler’s Formula
 Solve for cosine (or sine)

cos( t )  1 ( e j t e  j t
)
2

j t  j t
sin( t )  1
2j
(e e )

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SPECTRUM Interpretation
 Cosine = sum of 2 complex exponentials:

A cos(7t )  A e j 7t  A e  j 7t
2 2
One has a positive frequency
The other has negative freq.
Amplitude of each is half as big

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NEGATIVE FREQUENCY

 Is negative frequency real?

 Doppler Radar provides an example
 Police radar measures speed by using the
Doppler shift principle
 Let’s assume 400Hz 60 mph
 +400Hz means towards the radar
 -400Hz means away (opposite direction)
 Think of a train whistle
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SPECTRUM of SINE
 Sine = sum of 2 complex exponentials:
A j 7t A  j 7t
A sin(7t )  2 j e  2 j e
1  j 0.5 j 7 t 1 j 0.5  j 7 t
 2 Ae e  2 Ae e
1 j 0.5
j
 je
 Positive freq. has phase = -0.5
 Negative freq. has phase = +0.5
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GRAPHICAL SPECTRUM
EXAMPLE of SINE
1  j 0.5 j 7t 1 j 0.5  j 7 t
A sin(7t )  2
Ae e  Ae
2
e

1 j 0.5 1  j 0.5
(2 A)e (2 A)e

-7 0 7 

AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are shown

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SPECTRUM ---> SINUSOID
 Add the spectrum components:
10
j / 3  j / 3
7e 7e
 j / 2 j / 2
4e 4e

–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)

What is the formula for the signal x(t)?

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Gather (A,) information

 Frequencies:  Amplitude & Phase

 -250 Hz
 -100 Hz  4 -/2
 0 Hz  7 +/3
 100 Hz  10 0
 250 Hz  7 -/3
 4 conjugate phase
Note the +/2

DC is another name for zero-freq component

DC component always has or (for real x(t) )
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Add Spectrum Components-1
 Frequencies:  Amplitude & Phase
 -250 Hz
 -100 Hz  4 -/2
 0 Hz  7 +/3
 100 Hz  10 0
  7 -/3
250 Hz
 4 +/2

x (t )  10 
 j / 3 j 2 (100) t j / 3  j 2 (100) t
7e e  7e e
j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t  j / 2  j 2 ( 250) t
4e e  4e e
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Add Spectrum Components-2
10
j / 3  j / 3
7e 7e
 j / 2 j / 2
4e 4e

–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)

x (t )  10 
 j / 3 j 2 (100) t j / 3  j 2 (100) t
7e e  7e e
j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t  j / 2  j 2 ( 250) t
4e e  4e e
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 Simplify Components

x (t )  10 
 j / 3 j 2 (100) t j / 3  j 2 (100) t
7e e  7e e
j / 2 j 2 ( 250) t  j / 2  j 2 ( 250) t
4e e  4e e
Use Euler’s Formula to get REAL sinusoids:

 j j t  j  j t
A cos( t   )  1
2
Ae e 1
 Ae
2
e
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FINAL ANSWER

x (t )  10  14 cos(2 (100)t   / 3)
 8 cos(2 ( 250)t   / 2)
So, we get the general form:
N
x (t )  A0   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
k 1
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Summary: GENERAL FORM
N
x (t )  A0   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
k 1

 
N
x ( t )  X 0   e X k e j 2 f k t
j k
k 1 X k  Ak e
e{z}  12 z  1 z Frequency  f k
2

 
N
x (t )  X 0   1
2
Xke j 2 f k t
 1
2
  j 2 f k t
Xke
k 1
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Example: Synthetic Vowel

 Sum of 5 Frequency Components

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SPECTRUM of VOWEL
 Note: Spectrum has 0.5Xk (except XDC)
 Conjugates in negative frequency

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SPECTRUM of VOWEL
(Polar Format)

0.5Ak

k

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Vowel Waveform
(sum of all 5 components)

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