Signal Processing First

LECTURE #3
Phasor Addition Theorem

01/03/24 © 2003, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 1

READING ASSIGNMENTS

 This Lecture:
 Chapter 2, Section 2-6

 Other Reading:
 Appendix A: Complex Numbers
 Appendix B: MATLAB
 Next Lecture: start Chapter 3

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
 Phasors = Complex Amplitude
 Complex Numbers represent Sinusoids

jt j jt
z (t )  Xe  ( Ae )e
 Develop the ABSTRACTION:
 Adding Sinusoids = Complex Addition
 PHASOR ADDITION THEOREM
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Z DRILL (Complex Arith)

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AVOID Trigonometry
 Algebra, even complex, is EASIER !!!
 Can you recall cos(1+2) ?
 Use: real part of ej12= cos(1+2)
j (1  2 ) j1 j 2
e e e
 (cos1  j sin 1 )(cos 2  j sin  2 )
 (cos1 cos 2  sin 1 sin  2 )  j (...)
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Euler’s FORMULA

 Complex Exponential
 Real part is cosine
 Imaginary part is sine
 Magnitude is one
j
e  cos( )  j sin( )
j t
e  cos( t )  j sin( t )
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 Real & Imaginary Part Plots

PHASE DIFFERENCE = /2

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COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL
j t
e  cos( t )  j sin( t )
 Interpret this as a Rotating Vector
 t
 Angle changes vs. time
 ex: rad/s
 Rotates  in 0.01 secs
j
e  cos( )  j sin( )
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Rotating Phasor

See Demo on CD-ROM

Chapter 2

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Cos = REAL PART
Real Part of Euler’s

cos( t)  ee 
j t

General Sinusoid

x(t)  Acos( t   )
So,
A cos( t   )  eAe  j ( t  )

 eAe e 
  j j t

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COMPLEX AMPLITUDE
General Sinusoid

x(t)  Acos( t   )  eAe e j j t


Sinusoid = REAL PART of (Aej)ejt

x(t)  e Xe  ez(t)

j t

Complex AMPLITUDE = X

j t j
z(t)  Xe X  Ae
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POP QUIZ: Complex Amp
 Find the COMPLEX AMPLITUDE for:
x(t )  3 cos(77 t  0.5 )
 Use EULER’s FORMULA:


x(t )  e 3e j ( 77 t  0.5 )

 e 3e j 0.5
e j 77 t

j 0.5
01/03/24 X  3e
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WANT to ADD SINUSOIDS

 ALL SINUSOIDS have SAME FREQUENCY

 HOW to GET {Amp,Phase} of RESULT ?

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ADD SINUSOIDS

 Sum Sinusoid has SAME Frequency

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PHASOR ADDITION RULE

Get the new complex amplitude by complex addition

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Phasor Addition Proof

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POP QUIZ: Add Sinusoids
 ADD THESE 2 SINUSOIDS:
x1 (t )  cos(77 t )
x2 (t )  3 cos(77 t  0.5 )
 COMPLEX ADDITION:

j 0.5
1e  3e
j0

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POP QUIZ (answer)
 COMPLEX ADDITION:
j / 3
1  j 3  2e
j 0.5
j 3  3e
1
 CONVERT back to cosine form:

x3 (t )  2 cos(77 t  )
3
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ADD SINUSOIDS EXAMPLE

tm1

tm2

tm3

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Convert Time-Shift to Phase

 Measure peak times:

 tm1=-0.0194, tm2=-0.0556, tm3=-0.0394
 Convert to phase (T=0.1)
 1=-tm1 =-2(tm1 /T)=70/180,
 2= 200/180
 Amplitudes
 A1=1.7, A2=1.9, A3=1.532

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Phasor Add: Numerical

 Convert Polar to Cartesian

 X1 = 0.5814 + j1.597
 X2 = -1.785 - j0.6498
 sum =
 X3 = -1.204 + j0.9476
 Convert back to Polar
 X3 = 1.532 at angle 141.79/180
 This is the sum
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 ADD SINUSOIDS

X1

VECTOR
X3
(PHASOR)
ADD

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