Signal Processing First

Lecture 15
Zeros of H(z) and the
Frequency Domain

02/15/21 © 2003, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 1

READING ASSIGNMENTS

 This Lecture:
 Chapter 7, Section 7-6 to end

 Other Reading:
 Recitation & Lab: Chapter 7
 ZEROS (and POLES)
 Next Lecture:Chapter 8

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
 ZEROS and POLES
 Relate H(z) to FREQUENCY RESPONSE
jˆ
H ( e )  H ( z ) z e jˆ
 THREE DOMAINS:
 Show Relationship for FIR:
j̂
h[n ]  H ( z )  H ( e )
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DESIGN PROBLEM

 Example:
 Design a Lowpass FIR filter (Find bk)
 Reject completely 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9
 This is NULLING
 Estimate the filter length needed to
accomplish this task. How many bk ?

 Z POLYNOMIALS provide the TOOLS

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Z-Transform DEFINITION
 POLYNOMIAL Representation of LTI
SYSTEM: H ( z )  h[n ]z  n

n
 EXAMPLE: APPLIES to
Any SIGNAL
{h[n ]}  { 2, 0,  3, 0, 2 }
0 1 2 3 4
H ( z )  2 z  0 z  3z  0 z  2z
 2  3 z  2  2 z 4
POLYNOMIAL in z-1
1 2 1 4
 2  3( z )  2( z )
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 CONVOLUTION PROPERTY
 Convolution in the n-domain
 SAME AS
 Multiplication in the z-domain

y[n ]  h[n ]  x[n ]  Y ( z )  H ( z ) X ( z )

y[n ]  x[n ]  h[n ] MULTIPLY

M z-TRANSFORMS
  h[k ] x[n  k ]
k 0 FIR Filter
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 CONVOLUTION EXAMPLE
x[n] y[n]
H(z)
x[n ]   [n  1]  2 [n  2] h[n ]   [n ]   [n  1]
y[n ]  x[n ]  h[n ]
1 2 1
X ( z)  z  2z H ( z)  1  z
1 2 1 1 2 3
Y ( z )  ( z  2 z )(1  z )  z  z  2z
y[n ]   [n  1]   [n  2]  2 [n  3]
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 THREE DOMAINS
Z-TRANSFORM-DOMAIN
POLYNOMIALS: H(z)

{bk }
TIME-DOMAIN FREQ-DOMAIN
M M
y[n ]   bk x[n  k ] H ( e )   bk e
jˆ  jˆ k

k 0 k 0
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 FREQUENCY RESPONSE ?
 Same Form:
j̂
ˆ  Domain ze
M
H ( e )   bk e
jˆ  jˆ k z  Domain
k 0 M
M H ( z )   bk z k

H ( e )   bk ( e
jˆ jˆ  k
) k 0
k 0 SAME COEFFICIENTS
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ANOTHER ANALYSIS TOOL
 z-Transform POLYNOMIALS are EASY !
 ROOTS, FACTORS, etc.

 ZEROS and POLES: where is H(z) = 0 ?

 The z-domain is COMPLEX

 H(z) is a COMPLEX-VALUED function of a COMPLEX
VARIABLE z.

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ZEROS of H(z)
 Find z, where H(z)=0
1
H ( z)  1  z 1
2
1
1 2 z 
1 0?
z2 0
1

Zero at : z  1
2
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ZEROS of H(z)
 Find z, where H(z)=0
 Interesting when z is ON the unit circle.
1 2 3
H ( z)  1  2 z  2 z z
1 1 2
H ( z )  (1  z )(1  z  z )
Roots : z  1,  j 1 3  j / 3
2 2 e
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PLOT ZEROS in z-DOMAIN

UNIT
CIRCLE

3 ZEROS
H(z) = 0

3 POLES

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POLES of H(z)
 Find z, where H (z )  
 Not very interesting for the FIR case
1 2 3
H ( z)  1  2 z  2 z z
3 2
z  2z  2z  1
H ( z)  3
z
Three Poles at : z  0
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FREQ. RESPONSE from ZEROS
jˆ
H (e )  H ( z ) z e jˆ
 Relate H(z) to FREQUENCY RESPONSE
 EVALUATE H(z) on the UNIT CIRCLE
 ANGLE is same as FREQUENCY

jˆ
ze (as ˆ varies)
defines a CIRCLE, radius  1
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 jˆ
H (e )  H ( z ) z e jˆ

ANGLE is FREQUENCY

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FIR Frequency Response

Zeros of H ( e jˆ ) and H ( z )

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 3 DOMAINS MOVIE: FIR
ZEROS MOVE H (z )

h[n ] H ( e j̂ )

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 NULLING PROPERTY of H(z)
 When H(z)=0 on the unit circle.
 Find inputs x[n] that give zero output
1 2 3
H ( z)  1  2 z  2z z
jˆ  jˆ  j 2ˆ  j 3ˆ
H ( e )  1  2e  2e e
x[n] y[n]
H (z ) H ( e j / 3 )  ?
j (  / 3) n
x[n ]  e y [ n ]  H ( e j (  / 3) )  e j (  / 3) n
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PLOT ZEROS in z-DOMAIN

UNIT
CIRCLE

3 ZEROS
H(z) = 0

3 POLES

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 NULLING PROPERTY of H(z)
 Evaluate H(z) at the input “frequency”
jˆ  jˆ  j 2ˆ  j 3ˆ
H ( e )  1  2e  2e e
j / 3 j (  / 3) n
y[ n ]  H ( e )e
 j / 3  j 2 / 3  j 3 / 3 j ( / 3) n
y[n ]  (1  2e  2e e )e
(1  2( 12  j 2
3
)  2 (  1
2
j 2
3
)  ( 1))
j (  / 3) n
y[n ]  (1  1  j 3  1  j 3  1)  e 0
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FIR Frequency Response

Zeros of H ( e jˆ ) and H ( z )

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DESIGN PROBLEM

 Example:
 Design a Lowpass FIR filter (Find bk)
 Reject completely 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9
 Estimate the filter length needed to
accomplish this task. How many bk ?

 Z POLYNOMIALS provide the TOOLS

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PeZ Demo: Zero Placing

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