DSP First, 2/E: License Info For Dspfirst Slides

DSP First, 2/e
LECTURE #1 Sinusoids,
Quick, Brief Treatment of
DSP First Approach
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 1
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1
READING ASSIGNMENTS
 This Lecture for Chapter 2:

 Chapter 2, Sections 2-1, 2-2
 Chapter 2, Sects. 2-3 to 2-5
 Chapter 2, Section 2-6
 Chapter 1: Introduction
 Appendix B: MATLAB
 Suggested: Review Appendix A on Complex

Numbers
COURSE OBJECTIVE
 Students will be able to:

 Understand mathematical descriptions of
signal processing algorithms and express
those algorithms as computer
implementations (MATLAB)
 What are your objectives?
2
WHY USE DSP ?
 Mathematical abstractions lead to

generalization and discovery of new
processing techniques
 Computer implementations are flexible
 Applications provide a physical context
Fourier Everywhere
 Telecommunications
 Sound & Music
 CDROM, Digital Video
 Fourier Optics
 X-ray Crystallography
 Protein Structure & DNA
 Computerized Tomography
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: MRI
 Radioastronomy
 Ref: Prestini, “The Evolution of Applied Harmonic Analysis”
3
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
(go quickly)
 Write general formula for a “sinusoidal”

waveform x(t), or signal (continuous-
time)
 From the formula, plot the sinusoid versus
time.
TUNING FORK EXAMPLE,

(note Matlab plots)
 CD-ROM demo
 “A” is at 440 Hertz (Hz)
 Waveform is a SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
 Computer plot looks like a sine wave
 This should be the mathematical formula:
A cos(2 ( 440)t   )
4
TUNING FORK A-440 Waveform
T  8.15  5.85
 2.3 ms
Time (sec)
f  1/ T
 1000 / 2.3
 435 Hz
SPEECH EXAMPLE
 More complicated signal (BAT.WAV)

 Waveform x(t) is NOT a Sinusoid
 Theory will tell us
 x(t) is approximately a sum of sinusoids
 FOURIER ANALYSIS
 Break x(t) into its sinusoidal components
 Define a specialized frequency spectrum.
5
Speech Signal: BAT
 Nearly Periodic in Vowel Region

 Period is (Approximately) T = 0.0065 sec
DIGITIZE the WAVEFORM
 x[n] is a SAMPLED SINUSOID

 A list of numbers stored in memory
 Sample at 11,025 samples per second
 Called the SAMPLING RATE of the A/D
 Time between samples is 1/11025 = 90.7 sec
 Output via D/A hardware (at Fsamp)
6
STORING DIGITAL SOUND
 x[n] is a SAMPLED C-T signal (a D-T

signal)
 A list of numbers stored in memory
 CD rate is 44,100 samples per second
 16-bit samples
 Stereo uses 2 channels
 Number of bytes for 1 minute is
 2 X (16/8) X 60 X 44100 = 10.584 Mbytes
SINES and COSINES
 Always use the COSINE FORM
A cos(2 ( 440)t   )
 Sine is a special case:
sin( t )  cos( t  2 )
7
SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
A cos( t   )
 FREQUENCY
 Radians/sec
  AMPLITUDE A
 Magnitude
 Hertz (cycles/sec)
  (2 ) f
 PERIOD (in sec)
1 2
 PHASE

T 
Aug 2016 f  © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 15
PLOTTING COSINE SIGNAL

from the FORMULA
cos(00..33t t11.2.2) )
5 cos(
 Determine period:
T  2 /   2 / 0.3  20 / 3
 Determine a peak location by solving
( t   )  0  (0.3 t  1.2 )  0
 Zero crossing is T/4 before or after
 Positive & Negative peaks spaced by T/2
8
PLOT the SINUSOID
5 cos(0.3 t  1.2 )
 Use T=20/3 and the peak location at t=-4
  203  
REVIEW TRIG. FUNCTIONS
 Common Values
 sin(k) = 0
 cos(0) = 1
 cos(2k) = 1 and cos((2k+1) ) = -1
 cos((k+0.5) ) = 0
9
LECTURE CONTINUED
OBJECTIVES
 Derive Sinusoid Formula from a plot
 Relate TIME-SHIFT to PHASE
 Signal ENVELOPE defined
 ATTENUATION of Decaying Sinusoid
TIME-SHIFTED SINUSOID
x(t )  5 cos(0.3 t ) One peak at t = 0
x (t  4)  5 cos(0.3 (t  4))  5 cos(0.3 (t  ( 4))
Peak shifts from t=0 to t = -4

10
PHASE  TIME-SHIFT
 Equate the formulas:
A cos( (t  tm ))  A cos( t   )
 and we obtain:   tm  
 or, 
tm  

(, ) from a PLOT (A=5)
T  10period
.01sec
 100
1
 2
T  2
0.01  200
tm  0.00125 sec    tm  (200 )(tm )  0.25
11
SINE DRILL (MATLAB GUI)
PHASE is AMBIGUOUS
 The cosine function is periodic, period is 2
A cos( t    2 )  A cos( t   )
 Thus adding any multiple of 2 to the phase
leaves x(t) unchanged
 Equivalent to time-shifting by one period:
A cos( t    2 ) 
A cos( (t  2 /  )   )  A cos( (t  T )   )
12
Peak Locations of a
Sinusoid Function
 cos( ) attains max value at
  2n , n  0,  1,  2,  3,...
0.3 t  1.2  2n
5 cos(0.3 t  1.2 )
t m  ,10 23 ,  4, 2 23 ,
  20
3
 Many peaks;
One will be closest
to the origin
© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW

Aug 2016 Schafer 25
Time Shift and Time Delay

d At the origin/source:
x0 (t )  A cos(0t   0 )
td
At the destination: assuming no attenuation

xd (t )  A cos(0 (t  td )   0 )  A cos(0t  0td   0 )
Phase at the destination: ( 0td   0 ) mod 2
13
Attenuation
In real waves, there will always be a certain degree of
attenuation.
x (t )  A cos( t   )
In a sinusoid, A is a constant.
However, the amplitude can
A(t )  e  (t  2 ) / 2
have exponential decay, e.g.,
A(t )  Ae t / 
x (t )  Ae  t /  cos( t   )
MATLAB Example (I)

Generating sinusoids in MATLAB is easy:
% define how many values in a second
fs = 8000;
% define array tt for time
% time runs from -1s to +3.2s
% sampled at an interval of 1/fs
tt = -1 : 1/fs : 3.2;
xx = 2.1 * cos(2*pi*440*tt + 0.4*pi);
The array xx then contains a “sampled” signal of:
x(t )  2.1cos(880 t  0.4 )

14
MATLAB Example (II)
Introducing attenuation with time
% fs defines how many values per second
fs = 8000;
tt = -1 : 1/fs : 3.2;
yy = exp(-abs(tt)*1.2);% exponential decay
yy = xx.*yy;
soundsc(yy,fs)
Array yy contains a signal with changing amplitude:
y (t )  2.1e 1.2|t | cos(880 t  0.4 )

Soundsc lets you hear the signal yy
Plotting the Signal

Waveform “envelope”
a short slice
15
QUICK REVIEW: Phasors, etc.
 Phasors = Complex Amplitude

 Complex Numbers represent Sinusoids
A cos( t   )  {( Ae j )e j t }
 SKIP THIS: Develop the ABSTRACTION:
 Adding Sinusoids = Complex Addition
 PHASOR ADDITION THEOREM
COMPLEX ADDITION =
VECTOR Addition
z3  z1  z2
 ( 4  j 3)  ( 2  j5)
 (4  2)  j ( 3  5)
Aug 2016
 6  j2
© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 32
16
Euler’s FORMULA, UNIT CIRCLE
 Complex Exponential
 Real part is cosine
 Imaginary part is sine
 Magnitude is one
e j  cos( )  j sin( )
re j  r cos( )  jr sin( )
Common Values of ej

 Changing the angle
  0  1  1  j 0  e j 0  e j 2 n
    1  1  j 0  e j  e j ( 2 n 1)
   / 2  j  e j / 2  e j ( 2 n 1 / 2 )
  3 / 2   j  e j 3 / 2  e  j / 2  e j ( 2 n 1 / 2 )
17
COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL
SIGNAL (C. Sinusoid)
e j t  cos( t )  j sin( t )
 Interpret this as a Rotating Vector
 t
 Angle changes vs. time
 ex: rad/s
 Rotates  in 0.01 secs
e j  cos( )  j sin( )
Back to Phasors:
COMPLEX AMPLITUDE
General Sinusoid
x(t )  A cos( t   )  { Ae j e j t }
Sinusoid = REAL PART of complex exp: z(t)=(Aej)ejt
x(t )  { Xe j t }  {z (t )}
Complex AMPLITUDE = X, which is a constant
X  Ae j when z (t )  Xe j t
18
Example: Inverse Phasor
 Determine the 60-Hz sinusoid whose

COMPLEX AMPLITUDE is:
X  3  j3
 Convert X to POLAR:
x(t )  {( 3  j 3)e j (120 t ) }

 { 12 e j / 3e j120 t }
 x(t )  12 cos(120 t   / 3)
Inverse Euler Relations

 Cosine is real part of exp, sine is imaginary part
 Real part: z  z *  {z}
2
e j  e  j
z  e j ,  {e j }   cos( )
2
 Imaginary part: z  z *  y  {z}
2j
e j  e  j
z  e j ,  {e j }   sin( )
2j
19
ROOTS OF UNITY
 We often have to solve zN=1
 How many solutions?
z N  r N e j N  1  e j 2  k
2 k
 r  1, N  2 k   
N
z  e j 2 k N , k  0,1, 2,  N  1
ROOTS OF UNITY for N=6
 Solutions to zN=1
are N equally
spaced vectors on
the unit circle!
 Note
N 1
e
k 0
j 2 k / N
0
20
WANT to ADD SINUSOIDS
 Main point to remember: Adding
sinusoids of common frequency results in
sinusoid with SAME frequency
PHASOR ADDITION RULE

N
x (t )   Ak cos(0 t   k )
k 1
 A cos(0 t   )
Get the new complex amplitude by complex addition
N
 k Ae j
A e
k 1
j k
21
Phasor Addition Proof
N N
 A cos(
k 1
k 0 t   k )   { Ak e j (0 t  k ) }
k 1
N 
  Ak e j k e j0 t 
 k 1 
 N  
   Ak e j k e j0 t 
 k 1  

  Ae j e j0 t  A cos(0 t   ) 
Example: Add Sinusoids
 ADD THESE 2 SINUSOIDS:

x1 (t )  cos(77 t   )
x2 (t )  3 cos(77 t  0.5 )
 COMPLEX (PHASOR) ADDITION:
1e  j  3e j 0.5
22
Add 20 Sinusoids (use MATLAB)
20
s(t)   k cos(120 (t  0.002k))
k1
 Each sinusoid  Complex Amp

20
S  Ae j
  k e j120  (0.002k )
k1
 MATLAB
kk=1:20;
SS = sum( sqrt(kk) .* exp(120i*pi*(-0.002)*kk) );
zprint( SS )
Aug 2016
A  6.949,   1.545
© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 45
ADD SINUSOIDS EXAMPLE
x1 (t )
tm1
x2 ( t )
tm2
x3 (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t )
tm3
23
DSP First, 2/e
CHAPTER 3 STARTS HERE

Lecture 5
Spectrum Representation
READING ASSIGNMENTS
 This Lecture:
 Chapter 3, Section 3-1
 Chapter 3, Section 3-3 (DSP-First 2/e)
 Other Reading:
 Appendix A: Complex Numbers
24
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
 Sinusoids with DIFFERENT Frequencies

 SYNTHESIZE by Adding Sinusoids
N
x (t )   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
k 1
 SPECTRUM Representation
 Graphical Form shows DIFFERENT Freqs
FREQUENCY DIAGRAM
 Want to visualize relationship between
frequencies, amplitudes and phases
 Plot Complex Amplitude vs. Frequency
Complex amplitude
10
7e j / 3 7e  j / 3
4e  j / 2 4e j / 2
–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)
Spectral line
25
MOTIVATION
 Synthesize Complicated Signals

 Musical Notes
 Piano uses 3 strings for many notes
 Chords: play several notes simultaneously
 Human Speech
 Vowels have dominant frequencies
 Application: computer generated speech
 Can all signals be generated this way?
 Sum of sinusoids?
Fur Elise WAVEFORM
Beat
Notes
26
Speech Signal: BAT
 Nearly Periodic in Vowel Region

Euler’s Formula Reversed

 Solve for cosine (or sine)
e j t  cos( t )  j sin( t )
e  j t  cos(  t )  j sin(  t )
e  j t  cos( t )  j sin( t )
e j t  e  j t  2 cos( t )
cos( t )  12 ( e j t  e  j t )
27
INVERSE Euler’s Formula
 What is the “spectrum” representation for
a single sinusoid?
 Solve Euler’s formula for cosine (or sine)
cos( t )  12 (e j t  e  j t )
sin( t )  1
2j
( e j t  e  j t )
SPECTRUM Interpretation
 Cosine = sum of 2 complex exponentials:
A cos(7t )  A e j 7t  A e j 7t
2 2
 One has a positive frequency
 The other has negative freq.
 Amplitude of each is half as big
28
GRAPHICAL SPECTRUM
A cos(7t  0.1)  A2 e j 0.1e j 7 t  A2 e  j 0.1e  j 7 t

A  j 0.1 A j 0.1
e e
2 2
-7 0 7 
Freq. in rad/s
AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are labels

General form of sinusoid

spectrum
 General form:
A cos(t   )
 A2 e j e jt  A2 e  j e  jt
 Amplitudes are multiplied by ½
 Complex amplitudes are complex conjugates
 Called conjugate symmetry
29
REPRESENTATION of SINE
 Sine = sum of 2 complex exponentials:
A sin(7t )  2Aj e j 7 t  2Aj e  j 7 t
 12 Ae  j 0.5 e j 7t  12 Ae j 0.5 e  j 7t
1
j
 j  e j 0.5
 Positive freq. has phase = -0.5
 Negative freq. has phase = +0.5
GRAPHICAL Spectrum of sine

EXAMPLE of SINE (has Phase of –/2)
A sin(7t )  1
2
Ae  j 0.5 e j 7t  12 Ae j 0.5 e  j 7t
( 12 A)e j 0.5 ( 12 A)e  j 0.5
-7 0 7 
AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are labels

30
LINE SPECTRUM ---> a labeled
bar graph vs. frequency
 All the spectrum components of x(t)
shown (sum of sinusoids):
10
7e j / 3
7e  j / 3
4e  j / 2 4e j / 2
–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)
Add Spectrum Components-2

10
7e j / 3
7e  j / 3
4e  j / 2 4e j / 2
–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)
x (t )  10 
7e  j / 3e j 2 (100)t  7e j / 3e  j 2 (100)t
4e j / 2e j 2 ( 250)t  4e  j / 2e  j 2 ( 250)t
31
Simplify Components
x (t )  10 
7e  j / 3e j 2 (100)t  7e j / 3e  j 2 (100)t
4e j / 2e j 2 ( 250)t  4e  j / 2e  j 2 ( 250)t
Use Euler’s Formula to get REAL sinusoids:
A cos( t   )  12 Ae j e j t  12 Ae  j e  j t
FINAL ANSWER
x (t )  10  14 cos(2 (100)t   / 3)
 8 cos(2 ( 250)t   / 2)
So, we get the general form:
N
x (t )  A0   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
k 1
32
Example: Synthetic Vowel
 Sum of 5 Frequency Components
Example: Synthetic Vowel

 Sum of 5 Frequency Components
33
SPECTRUM of VOWEL
(Polar Format)
0.5Ak
k
Vowel Waveform
(sum of all 5 components)
One epoch or
one period
2
-1
-2
Note that the period is 10 ms, which equals 1/f0

34
Summary: GENERAL FORM
N
x(t)  A0   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
k1
N
x(t)  X 0   Ak e j k e j 2  f k t 
k1 X k  Ak e j k
{z}  12 z  12 z  Frequency  f k
N
x(t)  X 0  12 X k e j 2  f k t  12 X ke j 2  f k t 
k1
DSP First 2/e
Next:
Operations on the Spectrum
35
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
 Operations on a time-domain signal x(t) have a

SIMPLE form in the frequency-domain
 SPECTRUM Representation has lines at:

( Ak ,  k , f k )
 Represents Sinusoid with DIFFERENT Frequencies
N
x (t )   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
k 1
5/26/2016 © 2015-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 71
General Spectrum of real x(t)
 2M + 1 spectrum components, a k  ak
*
M
x (t ) 
k  M
k a e
j 2 f k t
 At f  f k the complex amplitude is a

k
 usually, for real x(t) f0  0
36
OPERATIONS on SPECTRUM
 Adding DC, or amplitude scaling

 Adding two (or more) signals
 Time-Shifting
 Multiply in frequency by complex exponential
 Differentiation of x(t)
 Multiply in frequency-domain by (j)
 Frequency Shifting
 Multiply in time-domain by sinusoid
Scaling or Adding a constant
 Adding DC
x (t )  c   ak e j 2 f k t  a0e j 2 ( 0 ) t  ce j 2 ( 0 ) t
k 0
  
new DC is a0  c
 Scaling
M M
 x (t )   a e
k  M
k
j 2 f k t
  ( a )e
k  M
k
j 2 f k t
37
Scaling and Adding a constant
2 x ( t )  6   2 a k e j 2  f k t  2 a0  6
k 0

new DC
Adding Two Signals (1)
 Adding signals with same fundamental

M M M
x1 (t )  x2 (t )   a1k e j 2 fk t 
k  M
 a 2 k e j 2 f k t 
k  M
 (a
k  M
1k  a 2 k ) e j 2 f k t
x1 (t )
x2 ( t ) ?
38
Adding Two Signals (2)
 Adding signals with some common frequencies
x1 (t )
x2 ( t )
x1 (t )  x2 (t )
Time Shifting x(t)
 Time Shifting
M M
x (t   d )  a e
k  M
k
j 2 f k ( t  d )
  (a 
k  M
e   )e
k
 j 2 fk d j 2 f k t
bk
M
y (t )  b e
k  M
k
j 2 f k t
 Multiply all Spectrum complex amplitudes

by complex exponentials
39
Differentiating x(t)
 Take derivative of the Signal x(t)

dx(t ) M M
  ak ( j 2 f k )e j 2 f k t
  ( j 2 f k ) ak e j 2 fk t
dt k  M k  M

bk
M
y (t )   be
k  M
k
j 2 f k t
 Multiply complex amplitudes by j=j2f
Frequency Shifting x(t)
 Multiply x(t) by Complex Exponential/Sinusoid

Frequency Shifting
y (t )  Ae j e j 2 f c t x (t )
M
y (t )   Ae  e
k  M
j j 2 f c t
a k e j 2 f k t
M
  (a Ae  )e
k  M
k
j j 2 ( f k  f c ) t
 Spectrum components shifted: fk  fk  fc

40
Frequency Shifting x(t)
x (t )
x ( t ) e j 2 ( 9 ) t
Shift up by 9 Hz
x (t ) sin( 2 (9)t )
DSP First, 2/e
Next:
Periodic Signals, Harmonics
& Time-Varying Sinusoids
 Chapter 3, Sections 3-2 and 3-4
 Chapter 3, Sections 3-6 and 3-7
41
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
 Signals with HARMONIC Frequencies
 Add Sinusoids with fk = kf0
N
x (t )  A0   Ak cos( 2 kf 0t   k )
k 1
Second Topic: FREQUENCY can change vs. TIME

Introduce Spectrogram Visualization
(spectrogram.m) (plotspec.m)
Chirps: x (t )  cos( t 2 )
SPECTRUM DIAGRAM
 Recall Complex Amplitude vs. Freq

1 X k 10 1 X k  ak
2 j / 3  j / 3 2
7e 7e
 j / 2
4e 4e j / 2
X k  Ak e j k
–250 –100 0 100 250
f (in Hz)
x (t )  10  14 cos(2 (100)t   / 3)
 8 cos(2 ( 250)t   / 2)
42
SPECTRUM for PERIODIC ?
 Nearly Periodic in the Vowel Region
Harmonic Signal
Periodic signal: x(t )  x(t  T )
Can only have harmonic freqs : f k  k f 0
WHY ?
N
x (t )  A0   Ak cos(2 kf 0t   k )
k 1 f 0T  1
x (t ) is periodic if
cos(2 kf 0 (t  T )   k )  cos(2 kf 0t  2 kf 0T   k )
43
Define FUNDAMENTAL FREQ
N
x(t )  A0   Ak cos(2 kf 0t  k ) 1
k 1 f0 
T0
Main point:
for periodic signals, all spectral lines have
frequencies that are integer multiples of the
fundamental frequency.
All harmonics have fundamental period T0/k
Harmonic Spectrum (3 Freqs)
3rd
5th
What is the fundamental frequency? 10 Hz
44
EXAMPLE 2
 Here’s another spectrum:
10
7e j / 3 7e  j / 3
4e  j / 2 4e j / 2
–24 –10.4 0 10.4 24

f (in Hz)
What is the fundamental frequency?
(0.1)GCD(104,240) = (0.1)(8)=0.8 Hz
NON-HARMONIC
FREQUENCIES, NON-PERIODIC
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP
to get a PERIODIC SIGNAL
NON-PERIODIC SIGNAL
45
Harmonic Signal (3 Freqs)
T=0.1
PERIODIC
NON-Harmonic Signal
NOT
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer PERIODIC
92
46
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
 Now, a much HARDER problem
 Given a recording of a song, have the
computer write the music
 Can a machine extract frequencies?

 Yes, if we COMPUTE the spectrum for x(t)
 During short intervals
Time-Varying
FREQUENCIES Diagram
A-440
Frequency is the vertical axis
Time is the horizontal axis

47
SPECTROGRAM
 SPECTROGRAM Tool
 MATLAB function is spectrogram.m
 Our toolbox has plotspec.m & spectgr.m
 ANALYSIS program
 Takes x(t) as input
 Produces spectrum values Xk
 Breaks x(t) into SHORT TIME SEGMENTS
 Then uses the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
SPECTROGRAM EXAMPLE
 Two Constant Frequencies: Beats
cos(2 (672)t )  cos(2 (648)t )

 2 cos(2 (12)t ) cos(2 (660)t )
48
STEPPED FREQUENCIES
 C-major SCALE: successive sinusoids
 Frequency is constant for each note
IDEAL
SPECTROGRAM of C-Scale
Sinusoids ONLY
From SPECTROGRAM
ANALYSIS PROGRAM
ARTIFACTS at Transitions
49
Spectrogram of LAB SONG
Sinusoids ONLY
Analysis Frame = 40ms
ARTIFACTS at Transitions
Overlapping Sections in
Spectrograms (useful in Labs)
 50% overlap is common
 Consider edge effects when analyzing a short sinusoid
SECTION
LOCATIONS
MIDDLE of SECTION
is REFERENCE TIME
50
Spectrogram of BAT (plotspec)
Time-Varying Frequency
 Frequency can change vs. time
 Continuously, not stepped
 FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
x (t )  cos(2 f c t  v (t ))
VOICE
 CHIRP SIGNALS
 Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM)
51
New Signal: Linear FM
 Called Chirp Signals (LFM)

QUADRATIC
 Quadratic phase
x (t )  A cos( t 2  2 f 0 t   )
 Freq will change LINEARLY vs. time
 Example of Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Define “instantaneous frequency”
INSTANTANEOUS FREQ
 Definition is NOT the trivial choice (t)/t
x (t )  A cos( (t ))
Derivative
 i (t )  dt
d  (t )
of the “Angle”
 For Sinusoid:
x (t )  A cos(2 f 0t   )
 (t )  2 f 0t   Makes sense
 i ( t )  d  (t )
dt
 2 f 0
52
INSTANTANEOUS FREQ
of the Chirp
 Chirp Signals have Quadratic phase
 Freq will change LINEARLY vs. time
x (t )  A cos( t 2   t   )
  (t )   t 2   t  
 i ( t )  d  (t )
dt
 2 t  
CHIRP SPECTROGRAM
53
CHIRP WAVEFORM
OTHER CHIRPS
 (t) can be anything:
x (t )  A cos( cos(  t )   )
 i (t )  dtd  (t )   sin(  t )
 (t) could be speech or music:
 FM radio broadcast
54
SINE-WAVE FREQUENCY
MODULATION (FM)
Look at CD-ROM Demos in Ch 3
Problem Solving Skills
 Math Formula  Plot & Sketches

 Sum of Cosines  S(t) versus t
 Amp, Freq, Phase  Spectrum
 Recorded Signals  MATLAB

 Speech  Numerical
 Music  Computation
 No simple formula  Plotting list of
numbers
55

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DSP First, 2/e

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 1

License Info for DSPFirst Slides

 This work released under a Creative Commons License

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 2

 This Lecture for Chapter 2:

 Suggested: Review Appendix A on Complex

 Students will be able to:

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 4

 Mathematical abstractions lead to

 Computer implementations are flexible

 Applications provide a physical context

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 5

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 6

 Write general formula for a “sinusoidal”

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 7

TUNING FORK EXAMPLE,

 More complicated signal (BAT.WAV)

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 10

 Nearly Periodic in Vowel Region

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 11

DIGITIZE the WAVEFORM

 x[n] is a SAMPLED SINUSOID

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 12

 x[n] is a SAMPLED C-T signal (a D-T

SINES and COSINES

 Always use the COSINE FORM

 Sine is a special case:

PLOTTING COSINE SIGNAL

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 17

REVIEW TRIG. FUNCTIONS

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 18

 Relate TIME-SHIFT to PHASE

 Signal ENVELOPE defined

 ATTENUATION of Decaying Sinusoid

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 19

x (t  4)  5 cos(0.3 (t  4))  5 cos(0.3 (t  ( 4))

Peak shifts from t=0 to t = -4

 Equate the formulas:

(, ) from a PLOT (A=5)

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 23

© 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW

Time Shift and Time Delay

At the destination: assuming no attenuation

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 26

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 27

MATLAB Example (I)

The array xx then contains a “sampled” signal of:

x(t )  2.1cos(880 t  0.4 )

Array yy contains a signal with changing amplitude:

y (t )  2.1e 1.2|t | cos(880 t  0.4 )

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 29

Plotting the Signal

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 30

 Phasors = Complex Amplitude

Common Values of ej

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 34

 Determine the 60-Hz sinusoid whose

x(t )  {( 3  j 3)e j (120 t ) }

Inverse Euler Relations

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 38

ROOTS OF UNITY for N=6

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 40