WHAT IS PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION
WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?
• Refresh your mind
• Asas Pentadbiran Awam (APA)- memberi tumpuan kpd
pentadbiran awam dalam konteks amalan di Malaysia

• Pentadbiran - pelaksanaan sesuatu tugasan dan keputusan

yang telah ditetapkan ke arah mencapai matlamat tertentu.

• Pengurusan - suatu proses yang menyatukan sumber-sumber

dan menggunakannya melalui proses-proses perancangan,
pengorganisasian, penstafan, pengarahan dsb.
WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION?
• Gordon & Milakovich (1995) - segala proses, organisasi dan individu yg
terlibat dalam pelaksanaan undang-undang dan peraturan yang
diputuskan atau dikeluarkan oleh badan perundangan, eksekutif dan
kehakiman.
• Dimock et al (1983) - pentadbiran awam sebagai satu operasi
pengeluaran barangan dan perkhidmatan untuk memenuhi kehendak
rakyat.
• Ahmad Atory (1983) (definisi drpd Dwigt Waldo)-
i. sebuah organisasi yang mengurus manusia dan materials untuk
mencapai tujuan-tujuan kerajaan.
ii.satu "seni sains pengurusan" sebagaimana yang dapat dikaitkan dengan
hal ehwal sebuah negara atau negeri.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION &
GOVERNMENT
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & GOVERNMENT

Government has the function for PA

In number of cases PA depends on government

PA: the main thrust of government activities.

activities of the government are commonly divided into

02 three major branches, namely, Legislative
(Perundangan), Executive (Eksekutif) and Judicial
(Kehakiman)
Legislative make laws
Executive enforces the laws
Judicial interpret laws
Ahmad Atory 2001; Hilling, 1966; Leonina & Ioan 2010; Wang Xiangdong 2005
University of Rhuna Sri Lanka, n.d
SOUTH KOREA

Retrieved from http://ss8agvtprojectsaeun.weebly.com/executive-branch.html 8

Source: Hoffman, S. (2014). Government Information 101: Part 1, U.S. Gov Basics. Retrieved from
https://blogs.cul.columbia.edu/journalism/2014/02/govinfo101/ 9
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION &
PUBLIC
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & PUBLIC
Public / community / people / citizens /
The public and public administration are inseparable. Public refers to
something that has to do with general, common and national interest.

‘the public’ in the term ‘public administration’ itself, derives

from the fact that decisions are made by a public body,
namely by governments and the many constitutive
institutions that we know as the state, whose actions have
the force of law.

the motivation of the individual public servant was assumed

Add Skills – 70%
to be that of the public interest; in that service to the public
was provided selflessly.lls – 80%

Hughes 2003 , Maddison & Denniss, 2009; Sapru, 2011; University

Of Pretoria, n.d.; Skills – 90%
EVOLUTION
of PA
• Phase 1 - Woodrow Wilson’s “The Study of Administration” was the first
to present the demand for separation (Politics Administration Dichotomy)
between politics and administration. The scholars of this phase have practiced
more on the (Locus) basis of public administration. The bureaucratic
institution of the government is the mainstay of public administration.
• Phase 2 - In this phase of the evolution of public administration, discussions
on public administration have been tried as scientific discussions since this
time. It is thought that there are a number of scientific principles in the
discussion of public administration that need to be disclosed.
• Phase 3 - In this phase of the evolution of public administration, basically,
the theoretical concept of public administration is challenged from two
perspectives.
• Phase 4 - Administrative theorists of this time recognized the
relationship of public administration with politics. As a result, public
administration became dependent on political science. In this
situation, there is confusion about what is the discussion area of
public administration.
• Phase 5 - During this time, the context of politics has gained special
importance in the discussion of public administration. Accusing the
conflict between politics and administration as narrow and self-
serving, the new writers have identified administration as a problem
of political theory. This was mainly in the United States and Europe.
TRADITIONAL PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
 The traditional model of public administration rests in important ways on
the articulation by Max Weber of the nature of bureaucracy.
 Weber emphasized control from top to bottom in the form of monocratic
hierarchy, that is, a system of control in which policy is set at the top and
 carried out through a series of offices, with each manager and worker
reporting to one superior
 and held to account by that person.
 The bureaucratic system is based on a set of rules and regulations flowing
from public law; the system of control is rational and legal.
 The role of the bureaucrat is strictly subordinate to the political superior.
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
• Development Administration (DA) as a field of study emerged in
1950s and 1960s with the third world countries as the focal point.
• The term “third world” may be attributed to the French demographer
and economic historian Alfred Sauvy, who at the height of the Cold
War in 1952, used the term to distinguish developing countries
outside the two power blocs; namely, the First World and the Second
World respectively. (Chilcote 1984)
 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Development Administration is about projects, programs, policies and
ideas which are focused at development of a nation, with the point of
view of socio-economic and socio-political development of society in
general, carried out by talented and skilled bureaucrats.
 For effective Development Administration the structure of Administration
itself must be empowered, large and capable enough to sustain the
pressures by the developmental activities.
In simpler words it means to develop administrative health by rationalizing
and institution building and bringing about a radical change in the
administrative framework, from the traditionalist approach, to handle and
create socio-economic and political development and social change.
• In essence the objective of Administrative Development can be summarized
as:
Building decision making capabilities.
Development of skill and specialization to tackle complex issues in the
personnel.
Giving importance to training, effective use of technology to bring about
change in Administrative approach.
Increasing administrative capacity, capabilities, removing corruption and
bringing in more accountability.
Creating leaders out of bureaucrats for promotion of development initiatives.
 NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The term NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION simply means that there was a public
administration which was old.
 But the fact is that with the change of all the major and minor aspects of society the
administration of society has undergone changes, because the public administration
is to cope with the changes. Otherwise it cannot meet the basic necessities of society.
Whatever may the form of government be, there must exist an admin­istration. This is
fundamental notion and from this comes the notion of new public administration
The public administration of pre-1960s was primarily concerned with the budgeting,
efficiency, decision-making and the implementation of decisions.
But the events of post-Second World War threw a challenge to these basic concepts
or aspects of public administration.
 NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
• In the 1980s and early 90s, as if there was a collective assault on the
organization questioning conventional and traditional ways of doing
things –both in the private and public sectors -various strategies and
modalities underscoring the imperative for fundamental internal and
external reform in the organization emerged.
• They ranged from being more “client” or “customer” oriented, to the
decentralization of authority to being more “business oriented”
especially for those in government.
• The new public management (NPM) movement was apparently
practiced by the European countries in the late 1907s and 1980s
• Essentially launched several luminaries such as Christopher Hood
(1991), Christopher Pollitt (1990), and Michael Barzeley (1992),
among others in early 90s.
• Similar movements such as reinventing government and
reengineering also emerged around the same time.
• When did these ideas emerge? What were their key features? And
were these really more of the same?
• The best example of the NPM practice can be seen in New Zealand’s
administrative reforms.
• Their government privatized substantial public functions, redeveloped
their personnel system in order to be more performance-oriented,
instituted new processes of productivity measures, and reengineered
departmental systems to reflect government’s commitment. (Boston
1996; as cited in Denhardt 2004: 136-137)
 Good Governance
( Ta d b i r U r u s B a i k )

• to fulfil various political means to be transparent, equitable, incl

• Good governance has EIGHT (8) major characteristics: (1)
participatory, (2) consensus oriented, (3) accountable, (4)
transparent, (5) responsive, (6) effective and efficient, (7) equitable
and inclusive and (8) follows the rule of law.
• Public Administration as an organization with minimal taken into
account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are
heard in decision-making; responsive to the present and future
needs of society. inclusive

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 30