ch04 - Legal

MIS
CHAPTER 4
PERSONAL, LEGAL, ETHICAL,
AND ORGANIZATIONAL
ISSUES OF INFORMATION
SYSTEMS Hossein BIDGOLI
MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
1
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
learning outcomes
LO1 Discuss information privacy and methods for
improving the privacy of information.
LO2 Explain the effects on information privacy of e-mail,
data collection, and censorship.
LO3 Discuss the ethical issues related to information
technology .
LO4 Discuss the principles of intellectual property and
issues related to the infringement of intellectual property.
MIS, Chapter 4
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l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
LO5 Discuss information system issues that affect
organizations, including the digital divide, electronic
publishing, and on the connection between the
workplace and employees’ health.
LO6 Describe green computing and the ways it can
improve the quality of the environment.
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Group Activity
• Form groups of five students
• Introduce to each other
• Choose a recorder
• Answer the following questions by group:
– What is “Privacy”?
– Give three examples
– Canadian laws about privacy?
– Share your answers
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Privacy Issues
• Concerns about privacy in the workplace
– Employers search social networking sites
– Employee monitoring systems
• Misuse and abuse of information gathered by:
– Healthcare organizations
– Financial institutions
– Legal firms
• Defining privacy is difficult
– Information technologies have increased ease of
access to information
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Social Networking Sites and Privacy Issues

• Stacy Snyder
– Former student at Millersville University of
Pennsylvania
– Posted a photo of herself on MySpace, wearing a
pirate’s hat and drinking
• Millersville administrators
– Considered the image unprofessional
– Refused to grant her an education degree and
teaching certificate
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Privacy Issues (cont’d.)

• Number of databases increasing rapidly
• Enforcement of federal laws has been lax
• Index and link databases using Social Security
numbers
– Direct marketing companies major user of this
information
• U.S. government began linking large databases
to find information
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• Federal laws now regulate collecting and using
information on people and corporations
– 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act
• Acceptable use policies
– Set of rules specifying the legal and ethical use of a
system and the consequences of noncompliance
• Accountability
– Issues involving both the user’s and the organization’s
responsibilities and liabilities
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• Nonrepudiation
– Method for binding all the parties to a contract
• Hardware or software controls
– Determine what personal information is provided on
the Web
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E-mail
• Presents some serious privacy issues
• Spam
– Unsolicited e-mail sent for advertising purposes
– Sent in bulk by using automated mailing software
• Ease of access
– People should assume that others have access to
their messages
– Any e-mails sent on company-owned computers are
the property of the organization
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Data Collection on the Web

• Number of people shopping online is increasing
• Many customers reluctant to make online
purchases
– Concerns about hackers getting access to their credit
card numbers
– Many credit card companies reimburse fraudulent
charges
• Other electronic payment systems are being
developed
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Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)

• Concerned about computers’ contents being
searched while they’re connected to the Web
• Information users provide on the Web
– Combined with other information and technologies to
produce new information
• Cookies
– Small text files with a unique ID tag
– Embedded in a Web browser
– Saved on the user’s hard drive
– Many users disable cookies
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Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)

• Log files
– Generated by Web server software
– Record a user’s actions on a Web site
• Data collected on the Web must be used and
interpreted with caution
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Privacy Quiz
• https://services.priv.gc.ca/quiz/en/youth
• https://www.telus.com/en/wise/parents/privacy-
quiz
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Group Activity
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Ethical Issues of Information Technologies

• Ethics means doing the right thing
– What is “right” can vary from one culture to another
and even from one person to another
– More difficult to determine than legal versus illegal
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Ethical Issues of Information Technologies (cont’d.)

• Information technology offers many
opportunities for unethical behavior
– Cybercrime, cyberfraud, identity theft, and intellectual
property theft
• Many experts believe management can reduce
employees’ unethical behavior
– Codes of ethics
• Many associations promote ethically responsible
use of information systems and technologies
– Codes of ethics
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Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

• Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other
people
• Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s
computer work
• Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s
files
• Thou shalt not use a computer to steal
• Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false
witness
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Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (cont’d.)

• Thou shalt not use or copy software for which
you have not paid
• Thou shalt not use other people’s computer
resources without authorization
• Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s
intellectual output
• Thou shalt think about the social consequences
of the program you write
• Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show
consideration and respect
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Censorship
• Who decides what should be on the Web?
• Types of information
– Public
– Private
• Whether or not something can be censored
depends in part on who is doing the censoring
• Restricted access to the Web
– Burma, China, and Singapore
• U.S. citizens don’t want the government
controlling Web access
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Censorship (cont’d.)
• Parents are concerned about what their children
are exposed to
– Pornography, violence, and adult language
• Search keywords
• Guidelines to teach their children to use good
judgment while on the Web
• Programs such as CyberPatrol, CyberSitter, Net
Nanny, and SafeSurf
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Ethics Quiz
• https://www.mediapartners.com/how-ethical-
are-you.html
• https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/
story.php?title=ethics-practice-quiz-1
• https://psychologytoday.tests.psychtests.com/
bin/transfer
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Group Activity
• Answer the following questions by group:
– What is “Intellectual Property”?
– Give three examples
– Ethics policies in your profession?
– Share your answers
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Intellectual Property
• Intellectual property
– Protections that involve copyrights, trademarks, trade
secrets, and patents for “creations of the mind”
developed by people or businesses
• Industrial property
– Inventions, trademarks, logos, and industrial designs
• Copyrighted material
– Literary and artistic works
– May apply to online materials
– Exceptions under Fair Use Doctrine
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Intellectual Property (cont’d.)

• Trademark
– Protects product names and identifying marks
• Patent
– Protects new processes
– Organizations can benefit from patents
• Software piracy
• Laws
– Telecommunications Act of 1996
– Communications Decency Act (CDA)
– Laws against spamming
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Intellectual Property (cont’d.)

• Internet use policy
– Avoid legal risks
• Cybersquatting
– Registering, selling, or using a domain name to profit
from someone else’s trademark
– The pizza.com story
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Intellectual Property Quiz

• https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/canadian-
intellectual-property-office/en/ip-basics-quiz
• https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/quiz.html
• https://www.wipo.int/ip-outreach/en/ipday/
2017/ipday2017_quiz-copy.html
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Verizon’s Cybersquatting Suit

• Verizon sued OnlineNic
• OnlineNic registered domain names containing
Verizon trademarks
– myverizonwireless.com
– iphoneverizonplans.com
– verizon-cellular. com
• Verizon won this suit
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Social Divisions and the Digital Divide

• Digital divide
– Computers still aren’t affordable for many people
– Companies installing cables for Internet connections
might subject their communities to a type of
economic “red-lining”
– Children are often victims of this divide
• Funding for computers at schools and libraries
• Loaner programs
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The Impact of Information Technology in the

Workplace
• New jobs for:
– Programmers
– Systems analysts
– Database and network administrators
– Network engineers
– Webmasters
– Web page developers
– e-commerce specialists
– Chief information officers (CIOs)
– Technicians
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Workplace (cont’d.)
• Web designers
• Java programmers
• Web troubleshooters
• Telecommuting and virtual work
• Job deskilling
– Skilled labor eliminated by introducing high
technology
– Job downgraded from a skilled to a semiskilled or
unskilled position (examples?)
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Table 4.1 Potential benefits and potential drawbacks of telecommuting
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Workplace (cont’d.)
• Job upgrading
– Clerical workers who now use computers
• One skilled worker might be capable doing the job
of several workers
• Virtual organizations
– Networks of independent companies, suppliers,
customers, and manufacturers
– Connected via information technologies
– Share skills and costs
– Have access to each other’s market
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Information Technology and Health Issues

• Reports of health-related issues caused by video
display terminals (VDTs)
– No conclusive study
– Health problems associated with the environment in
which computers are used
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Information Technology and Health Issues (cont’d.)

• Other reports of health problems
– Vision
– Musculoskeletal
– Skin
– Reproductive
– Stress-related
• Amount of time some people spend on the Web
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Health and Social Issues of Online Gaming

• Online games World of Warcraft and EverQuest
blamed for a host of problems
– Poor academic performance, divorce, suicide, and the
death of a child because of parental neglect
• Fantasy worlds in online games believed to be
addictive and to affect marriages and careers
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Green Computing
• Computing that promotes a sustainable
environment and consumes the least amount of
energy
• Helps an organization save on energy costs
• Improves the quality of the environment in
which we live and work
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Green Computing (cont’d.)

• Green computing
– Involves the design, manufacture, use, and disposal
of computers, servers, and computing devices
– Monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking
and communications equipment
– Minimal impact on the environment
– Your ideas?
• Implemented without the cooperation of both
the private and the public sector
• Goals
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Summary
• Privacy issues related to information
technologies
– Methods for protecting privacy: Personal information
and organizations’ data resources
• Ethical issues related to information systems
– Censorship, intellectual property laws, digital divide
• Effect of information systems on the workplace
and possible heath issues
• Green computing
– Impact on the environment
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Privacy Issues
• What is your opinion about privacy issues in IS?
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Ethics Quiz
• https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/
story.php?title=professionalism-ethics
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Ethics Issues
• What is your opinion about ethics issues in IS?
MIS, Chapter 4
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Your Opinions
• Your views about the role of social media on the
US election?
MIS, Chapter 4
43

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ch04 - Legal

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MIS

Social Networking Sites and Privacy Issues

Privacy Issues (cont’d.)

Privacy Issues (cont’d.)

Privacy Issues (cont’d.)

Data Collection on the Web

Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)

Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)

Ethical Issues of Information Technologies

Ethical Issues of Information Technologies (cont’d.)

Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (cont’d.)

Intellectual Property (cont’d.)

Intellectual Property (cont’d.)

– The pizza.com story

Intellectual Property Quiz

Verizon’s Cybersquatting Suit

Social Divisions and the Digital Divide

The Impact of Information Technology in the

The Impact of Information Technology in the

The Impact of Information Technology in the

Information Technology and Health Issues

Information Technology and Health Issues (cont’d.)

Health and Social Issues of Online Gaming

Green Computing (cont’d.)

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