MEMBRANE

CHARACTERIZATION
Membrane Characterization

SEM
AFM
FTIR
CONTACT ANGLE
TGA
DSC
FESEM

Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP

 SEM
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of
electron microscope that produces images of a sample by
scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
The electrons interact with atoms in the sample,
producing various signals that contain information about
the surface topography and composition of the sample.
The electron beam is scanned in a raster scan pattern,
and the position of the beam is combined with the
intensity of the detected signal to produce an image.

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SEM

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 AFM
Atomic force microscopy
(AFM) or scanning force
microscopy (SFM) is a very-
high-resolution type of
scanning probe microscopy
(SPM), with demonstrated
resolution on the order of
fractions of a nanometer, more
than 1000 times better than the
optical diffraction limit.
the AFM provides a three-
dimensional surface profile.

Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP

AFM

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 FTIR
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
is a technique used to obtain an infrared
spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid,
liquid, or gas.
An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects
high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral
range. This confers a significant advantage over a
dispersive spectrometer, which measures
intensity over a narrow range of wavelengths at a
time.
The term Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy originates from the fact
that a Fourier transform (a mathematical
process) is required to convert the raw data into
the actual spectrum.
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 CONTACT ANGLE
The contact angle is the angle, conventionally measured through
the liquid, where a liquid–vapor interface meets a solid surface. It
quantifies the wettability of a solid surface by a liquid via the Young
equation.
The contact angle depends upon the medium above the free
surface of the liquid, and the nature of the liquid and solid in
contact. It is independent of the inclination of the solid to the
liquid surface. It changes with surface tension and hence with the
temperature and purity of the liquid.

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Schematic of a liquid drop showing the
quantities in the Young equation.

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Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
 TGA
 Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of
thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the
temperature changes.

 This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as

phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical
phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas
reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction).

 A TGA can be used for materials characterization through analysis of characteristic

decomposition patterns. It is an especially useful technique for the study of polymeric
materials, including thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, composites, plastic films,
fibers, coatings, paints, and fuels.
Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
 DSC
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical
technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required
to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is
measured as a function of temperature.
Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same
temperature throughout the experiment.
Generally, the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed
such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a
function of time.

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Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
DSC
Thermal transitions in (A) amorphous and (B) semicrystalline polymers. As the temperature increases, both amorphous
and semicrystalline polymers go through the glass transition (Tg). Amorphous polymers (A) do not exhibit other phase
transitions. However, semicrystalline polymers (B) undergo crystallization and melting (at temperatures Tc and Tm,
respectively).
 DSC
X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a
nondestructive technique that
provides detailed information
about the crystallographic
structure, chemical composition,
and physical properties of a
material.
It is based on the constructive
interference of monochromatic X-
rays and a crystalline sample.

Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP

Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
Membrane Technology @ FKKSA, UMP
Thank You