Physiology (code)-year 2

Cardiovascular system
Lecture 5+6
(Cardiac cycle)

By Dr. Ahmed Badr

Physiology Department
College of Medicine
University of Basrah
The cardiac cycle

Objectives:

1)To list the phases of the cardiac cycle in consecutive order.

2)To recognize that pressure changes determine valve action &

direction of blood flow through the heart.
Cardiac cycle:

period of relaxation
0.62 sec

period of contraction
sec 0.3

Diastolic Period is longer ALLOWING :-

•More time for filling of the ventricle
•More time for relaxation → ↑ coronary perfusion
-: Stages of card. Cycle
1. Vent filling
a. rapidVent filling

Atria are relaxed

Semilunar valves
are closed
AV Valves are close

Ventricles are
relaxed
 -: Stages of card. Cycle
b. diastasis

Atria are relaxed

Semilunar valves
are closed

AV Valves are open

Ventricles are
relaxed
 -: Stages of cardiac Cycle
.c. Atrial systole
20% of
ventricular
Contraction of Atria
filling
Semilunar valves
are closed

AV Valves are open

Ventricles are
relaxed
-: Stages of cardiac Cycle
Isovolumic (isometric) ventricular contraction .2

Semilunar valves
are closed

AV Valves are
closed
Contraction of
Ventricles
-: Stages of cardiac Cycle
Ejection phase .3

Semilunar valves
opened

AV Valves are
closed
Contraction of
Ventricles
E.D.V.
End diastolic volume
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of the
diastole (just before ventricular systole started)
E.S.V.
End systolic volume
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of the
systole
S.V
Stroke volume
The volume of blood ejected per one beat
Normally about 70 ml at rest

↑EDV→↑SV
↓SV → ↑ ESV
E.F
Ejection fraction
It is the percentage of volume of blood which is ejected
.from the E.D.V
E.F= SV ×100%
EDV
What is the normal range of EF?

What is the ejection fraction of a left ventricle with EDV of

150ml and SV of 75 ml

E.F= SV ×100%
EDV
50% =100%× 75 =
150
-: Stages of cardiac Cycle
Isovolumic (isometric) ventricular Relaxation .4

Semilunar valves
closed

AV Valves are
closed
Relaxation of
Ventricles
The pressure – volume loop
ESVv close
Aortic

Ejection
pressure(mmHg)
120 D

80 Aortic v open
C

IVR SV IVC
40
Diastolic filling EDVv close
Mitral
Mitral v open A B
0
50 120

Volume (ml)
:Events during cardiac cycle
: The jugular pulse

right internal
jugular vein
 LO9
: The jugular pulse

a c
v
X decent Y decent

Right Atrial contraction

by the bulging of the
tricuspid valve into the
atria during isovolumetric
ventricular contraction
accumulation of blood in the
right atrium before opening of
the tricuspid valve
 y decent
LO9

Peak pr in RA before
opening of tricuspid v.
vx decent

by the bulging of the tricuspi

c

valve into the atria during

isovolumetric ventricular
contraction
Right Atrial contraction
a
: The jugular pulse
 Heart sound

S1 LUB
closure of AV valves

S2 DUB
closure of semilunar valves

S3 rapid ventricular filling

S4 Atrial contraction on stiff

ventriclar wall
Splitting of the second heart sound

On right side of the heart On left side of the heart

during inspiration →interval between aortic and

pulmonary valve closure → two sounds (physiologic
splitting of the second sound). Why?
Heart murmurs

 Murmur: abnormal sounds heard over the heart

 Bruit: abnormal sounds heard over the blood vessels

Normally blood flow is laminar, nonturbulent, and silent

BUT
 Valve Abnormality Timing of murmur
Mitral or tricuspid Stenosis Diastolic murmur
valve Incompetence Systolic murmur
Aortic or pulmonary Stenosis Systolic murmur
valve Incompetence Diastolic murmur
20