8.

0 Transport in Animals and Plants

8.1 Transport system in mammals

 Define systole and diastole, and explain the
sequence of events in a cardiac cycle including
changes in pressure and volume in aorta, left atrium
and left ventricle;
The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while
it pumps blood into circulation is called systole.
The period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill
with blood is called diastole.
Both the atria and ventricles undergo systole and diastole,
and it is essential that these components be carefully
regulated and coordinated to ensure blood is pumped
efficiently to the body.
Source: Solomon Textbook
Atrial systole
• Atrial systole is the contraction of
the heart muscle (myocardia) of the
left and right atria.
• Normally, both atria contract at the
same time.
• The term systole is synonymous with
contraction (movement or shortening)
of a muscle.
• Electrical systole is the electrical
activity that stimulatesthe
myocardium of the chambers of the
heart to make them contract. This is
soon followed by Mechanical systole,
which is the mechanical contraction
of the heart.
Atrial systole cont
• Asthe atria contract, the blood
pressure in each atrium increases,
forcing additional blood into the
ventricles through AV valves.
• 80% of the blood flows passively
down to the ventricles, so the atria
do not have to contract a great
amount.
• Each ventricle now contains average
130ml of blood- end-diastolic volume
(EDV).
• Atrial systole last about 0.1s
Ventricula • Ventricular systole is the the
r systole contraction
cont (myocardia)
of of the muscles
left and right
ventricles.
• Blood pressure inside ventricle
increases- blood pushes close AV
valves- prevent backflow into
atria- 1st heart sound “lub”
• Period of isovolumic ventricular
contraction- ventricular muscle
contracts & exerts force but
muscle fibres doesn't shortens-
all 4 closed, volume in
valves remain same
ventricles
Ventricular systole cont
• Contraction of ventricles causes
rapid increase in ventricle P.
• Ventricle P > P in aorta (80mm
Hg) & pulmonary trunk (20mm
Hg) = SL valves open & blood
ejected from ventricle (70ml)
• The total volume of blood
remaining in the ventricle just at
the end of the ventricular
contraction is called end-systolic
volume (ESV) is 60ml.
 • At thelater part of the
Ventricular although the ventricular pressurefalls
ejectionphase,
systole [refer graph]below the aortic pressure, the aortic valve
remains open because of the inertial
energy of the ejected blood.
• The graph of aortic pressure throughout
the cardiac cycle displays a small dip which
coincides with the aortic valve closure. The
dip in the graph is immediately followed
by a brief rise then gradual decline-
DICROTIC NOTCH
• Just as the ventricles enter into diastole,
the brief reversal of flow from the aorta
back into the left ventricle causes the
aortic valves to shut. This results in the
slight increase in aortic pressure caused by
the elastic recoil of the semilunar valves
and aorta.
Diastole Cardiac Diastole is the period
of time when the heart relaxes
after contraction in preparation
for refilling with circulating
blood.
• Ventricular diastole is when
the ventricles are relaxing,
while atrial diastole is when
the atria are relaxing. Together
they are known as complete
cardiac diastole.
Diastole- cont • During ventricular diastole,
pressure
the in the (left andright)
ventricles drops from thepeak
that it reaches in systole.
• When pressure in the left
ventricle drops to below
the the
pressure in the left atrium, the mitral
valve opens, and the left ventricle fills
with blood that was accumulating in
the left atrium. The isovolumic
relaxation time (IVRT) is the interval
from the aortic component of the
second heart sound, that is, closure
of the aortic valve, to onset of filling
by opening of the mitral valve.
 • Likewise, when the pressure in
Diastole- cont the right ventricle
below that in the right atrium,
drops
the tricuspid valve opens, and
the right ventricle fills with
blood that was accumulating in
the right atrium.
• During diastole the pressure
within the left ventricle is lower
than that in aorta, allowing
blood to circulate in the heart
itself via the coronary arteries.
The heart actions during different phases of the
cardiac
cycle
Phase Heart action
Atrial & Ventricular • Atria & ventricles are relaxed
diastole • Semilunar valves are closed
• Atrioventricular valves are open
• Atria & ventricles fill withblood
Atrial sysole • Atria contracts, ventricles relax
• Semilunar valves are shut
• Atrioventricular valves are open
• Atria pressure is higher than ventricular pressure.
• Blood is pumped out of the atria into the ventricles
Ventriular sysole • Atria relax, ventricles contracts
• Semilunar valves are open
• Atrioventricular valves are shut
• Ventricular pressure is higher than aortic pressure.
• Blood is pumped out of the ventricles into the
aorta & pulmonary artery
Dicrotic notch is the slight
increase in pressure due to
recoil of the arteries as the SL
valve closes.
Biology 7th Ed; Campbell & Reece
 Semilunar
AV valves* valves† Status of ventricles and atria

1. early • whole heart is relaxed

diastole open closed • ventricles are expanding and filling
2. atrial • atria contract and pump blood
systole open closed • additional 10–40% filling of ventricles[
3. isovolumic
ventricular • ventricular myocytes begin to contract
closed closed
contraction • ventricle volume unchanged

4. ventricular • ventricles fully contract

ejection closed open • pump blood to rest of body

5. Isovolumic • ventricles relax

ventricular closed closed •ventricle volume unchanged
relaxation • atria expand and are filling

* AV (atrioventricular) valves:
1) mitral valve – between the left atrium and the left ventricle
2) tricuspid valve – between the right atrium and the right ventricle
† Semilunar valves:

1) aortic valve – between the left ventricle and the aorta

2) pulmonic valve – between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
1. How quickly the heart
is beating
2. The amount of blood = stroke volume X heart rate
it pumps out per beat

Cardiac output: The amount of blood the heart pumps through the
circulatory system in a minute.
The amount of blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart in one
contraction is called the stroke volume.
The stroke volume and the heart rate [number of heart beat per
min] determine the cardiac output. A normal adult has a cardiac
output of 4.7 liters (5 quarts) of blood per minute.
Source: Solomon
Textbook
a. Calculate the cardiac output of a heart
when the stroke volume is 60 cm3 &
the heart rate is 75 beats per minute.
Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate
60 x 75 = 4500 cm3 min-1 = 4.5 dm3

b. Calculate the volume of blood ejected

from this heart on one hour.

4.5 dm3 x 60 = 270 dm3

Advance Biology; Micheal Kent

c. Imagine you are very anxious as you
walk to the podium to deliver a
speech. If your heart rate increases to
100 beats per minute & your stroke
volume is 100 mL per stroke, what is
your cardiac output?
Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate
= 100mL x 100
= 10,000 mL min-1
= 10 L/min

Biology 10th Ed; Solomon, Martin

A patient’s mitral valve (left AV
valve)
does not close completely at the
beginning of ventricular What
systole.would this have on the
effect
cardiac cycle?
When the mitral valve does not close completely,
some blood leaks backward into the atrium when
the ventricle contracts; less blood flows to the
tissues of the body. As a result, the heart pumps
harder. This condition can lead to congestive heart
failure.
Biology 10th Ed; Solomon, Martin
The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct
relaxation and contraction phase. Which
term is typically used to refer ventricular
contractio while no blood is being
n ejected?
A. Systole
B. Diastole
C. Quiescent
D. Isovolumic contraction
Most blood the ventricle
enters during .
A. Atrial systole
B. Artial diastole
C. Ventricular systole
D. Isovolumic contraction
The first heart sound
represents which portion of the
cardiac cycle?
A. Atrial systole
B. Ventricular systole
C. Closing of atrioventricular valves
D. Closing of semilunar valves
Ventricular relaxation immediately
follows .

A. Atrial depolarisation
B. Ventricular repolarisation
C. Ventricular depolarisation
D. Atrial repolarisation
 CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION
Describe one cardiac cycle, beginning with both
atria and ventricles relaxed.
 Answer
The cardiac cycle comprises a complete relaxation and contraction of
both the atria and ventricles, and lasts approximately 0.8 seconds.
Beginning with all chambers in diastole, blood flows passively from
the veins into the atria and past the atrioventricular valves into the
ventricles. The atria begin to contract following depolarization of the
atria and pump blood into the ventricles. The ventricles begin to
contract, raising pressure within the ventricles. When ventricular
pressure rises above the pressure in the two major arteries, blood
pushes open two semilunar valves and moves into
the pulmonary the and aorta in the ventricular
trunk
Following ejection
ventricular phase. the ventricles begin to relax,
repolarization,
and pressure within the ventricles drops. When the pressure falls
below that of the atria, blood moves from the atria into the
ventricles, opening the atrioventricular valves and marking one
complete heart cycle.