Org Chem Lab

Module 7, 8, 9
Final Exam Review
SUBJECT CODE: ORGCHEMB
D E S C R I P T I V E T I T L E : O R G A N I C C H E M I S T RY, L A B
SECTIONS: BSN101, BSN102
 Flow of Discussion
I. Module 7-Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
II. Module 8-Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Esters
III. Module 9-Extraction of Caffeine
 Module 7
Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
Aldehyde and Ketone
General Structures
Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
I. Physical Properties
Compound Structure Odor Solubility Density Boiling Point
FORMALIN H−C=O Pungent, Highly soluble in Approximately Formalin is a solution, so
sharp, and water, forming a 1.08 g/cm³ (may no distinct boiling point.
characteristic homogeneous vary with Pure formaldehyde boils
odor. mixture. concentration). around -19°C.
Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
I. Physical Properties
Compound Structure Odor Solubility Density Boiling Point
FORMALIN H−C=O Pungent, Highly soluble in Approximately Formalin is a solution, so
sharp, and water, forming a 1.08 g/cm³ (may no distinct boiling point.
characteristic homogeneous vary with Pure formaldehyde boils
odor. mixture. concentration). around -19°C.
Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
I. Physical Properties
Compound Structure Odor Solubility Density Boiling Point
ACETONE C=O Sweet, fruity, Highly soluble in Approximately Boils at around 56.5°C
and water and many 0.79 g/cm³. (133.7°F).
characteristic organic solvents.
odor.
Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
Oxidation
Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
Oxidation
1. Tollens’ or Silver Mirror Test:
Principle: Aldehydes are more easily oxidized than ketones. Tollens’ reagent (Ag⁺ ions) oxidizes
aldehydes, leading to the reduction of silver ions to silver metal, forming a silver mirror or dark
precipitate.
Indicator: The presence of a silver mirror or precipitate indicates the presence of aldehydes.
2. Fehling’s Test:
Principle: Similar to Tollens’ test, Fehling’s reagent (Cu²⁺ ions) oxidizes aldehydes. This oxidation
results in the reduction of copper ions to copper (I) oxide, forming a reddish precipitate.
Indicator: The formation of a reddish precipitate signals the presence of aldehydes.
Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
Oxidation
3. Chromic Acid Test:
Principle: Chromic acid is a strong oxidant that can oxidize aldehydes. The orange-yellow
chromic acid is reduced to green Cr³⁺ ions in the presence of aldehydes.
Indicator: The change in color from orange-yellow to green indicates the presence of aldehydes.
4. Iodoform Reaction:
Principle: Methyl ketones undergo a specific reaction with iodine (I₂) in the presence of a strong
base to form iodoform (iodomethane), which is insoluble in water, resulting in yellow crystals.
Indicator: The formation of yellow iodoform crystals indicates the presence of methyl ketones.
This reaction is not typical for other carbonyl compounds.
Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones
Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones

Reddish-brown
precipitate
Silver mirror

Tollen’s Test Fehling’s Test

 Module 7- Cabonyl Compounds:
Aldehydes and Ketones

Orange-yellow
to green Yellow crystals
Chromic Acid Test Iodoform Test
 Module 8
Properties of Carboxylic Acids
and Esters
General Structure
The compounds containing the carboxyl
functional group (-COOH)

The word carboxyl is a combination of two

words carbonyl (-C=O) and hydroxyl (–OH).
Module 8- Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Physical Properties
Module 8- Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Physical Properties
Module 8- Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Esterification
oraspberry → Ethyl formate (Fruity, sweet)
oapricot → Isoamyl acetate (Fruity, banana-like)
opeach → Ethyl butyrate (Fruity, sweet, pineapple-like)
opear → Amyl acetate (Fruity, banana-like)
oapple → Ethyl hexanoate (Fruity, sweet, apple-like)