Colloids and Surfaces A 558 (2018) 88–94

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Colloids and Surfaces A

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/colsurfa

Improved depression of talc in chalcopyrite flotation using a novel T

depressant combination of calcium ions and sodium lignosulfonate
⁎ ⁎
Yafeng Fua,b, Zhanglei Zhua, Jin Yaoa,b, Huili Hanb, Wanzhong Yina,b, , Bin Yanga,
a
School of Resources & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
b
Genetic Mineral Processing Research Center, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China

G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The presence of hydroxylated metallic sites on mineral surfaces promotes the adsorption of polysaccharides on
Inhibitory role mineral surfaces. In this study, the interaction of calcium chloride and sodium lignosulfonate on talc was in-
Calcium ion vestigated through flotation tests and zeta potential, contact angle, adsorption measurements, X-ray photo-
Sodium lignosulfonate electron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy studies. Artificial mixed mineral flotation tests indicated that
Flotation
the combined action of calcium chloride and sodium lignosulfonate can reduce the content of talc in the flotation
Talc
Chalcopyrite
concentrate. Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed that the combined inhibitory effect of
calcium chloride and sodium lignosulfonate on talc is more effective than the individual effects of these reagents.
The adsorption densities of calcium chloride and sodium lignosulfonate on talc revealed that the addition of
Ca2+ contributes to the adsorption of sodium lignosulfonate on the talc surface. X-ray photoelectron spectro-
scopy and infrared spectroscopy provided evidence in support of a chemical interaction between Ca2+, sodium
lignosulfonate and talc. The findings of this study are of great significance for reducing the Mg grade in the
flotation concentrate of chalcopyrite.

1. Introduction contains layered silicate minerals such as talc. As talc has a strong
natural hydrophobicity, it can easily float in the foam product during
Chalcopyrite, a common copper-bearing sulfide ore, is the main raw chalcopyrite flotation, thereby dramatically increasing the Mg content
material for industrial copper smelting [1]. Chalcopyrite ore often in the flotation concentrate [2,3]. Therefore, the effective inhibition of

⁎
Corresponding authors at: School of Resources & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
E-mail addresses: yinwanzhong@mail.neu.edu.cn (W. Yin), 1370848@stu.neu.edu.cn (B. Yang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.08.056
Received 26 July 2018; Received in revised form 24 August 2018; Accepted 24 August 2018
Available online 25 August 2018
0927-7757/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Y. Fu et al. Colloids and Surfaces A 558 (2018) 88–94

talc during chalcopyrite flotation has become the key to efficient ex- Table 1
ploitation and utilization of such copper resources. Multi-element chemical analysis of pure minerals.
Talc is a typical layered silicate mineral with a TOT-type structure Minerals Content (wt%)
that consists of two silicon tetrahedral sheets sandwiching one Mg–O
(OH) octahedral sheet. Talc, owing to its low hardness, is prone to Total Fe Cu S MgO SiO2 CaO
overgrinding during grinding processes. A considerable amount of talc
Chalcopyrite 32.86 32.91 33.32 < 0.05 0.58 < 0.02
mud is produced, which makes it difficult to inhibit its floatability [4]. Talc 0.12 0.11 < 0.02 31.16 60.58 0.25
Considerable research efforts have been devoted to overcome this
problem. Leung et al. [5] found that copolymers of acrylamide and
vinylpyrrolidinone not only possess the strong affinity of vinylpyrroli- {001}. X-ray diffraction and multi-element chemical analysis (Table 1)
dinone for talc, but also the strong hydrophilicity of polyacrylamide, confirmed that the purities of chalcopyrite and talc were approximately
which can selectively inhibit the floatability of talc. Surface defects 95.23 wt% and 95.42 wt%, respectively.
generated by ultrasonic pretreatment can act as active sites for water, Butyl xanthate (collector) was an industrial product, methyl iso-
thereby significantly increasing the hydrophilicity of talc [6]. Both butyl carbinol (MIBC, frother) and sodium lignosulfonate were chemi-
carboxymethyl cellulose and guar gum are effective inhibitors of talc cally pure, and CaCl2 was of analytical grade. Analytical-grade hydro-
under weakly alkaline conditions, although the inhibition by guar gum chloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as pH
is better than that by carboxymethyl cellulose [7–9]. Zhang et al. [10] regulators. Distilled water was employed in all experiments.
suggested that guar gum is chemically adsorbed on the surface of talc,
thus inhibiting the floatability of talc during scheelite flotation. Zhang
2.2. Artificial mixed ore flotation tests
et al. [11] investigated the mechanism by which metal ions influenced
the zeta potential of talc, as well as the induction time between talc and
Artificial mixed ore flotation tests were performed in a flotation
bubbles. However, as talc is prone to overgrinding, a large amount of
apparatus (Fig. 2). The device can dramatically expand the collision
carboxymethyl cellulose or guar gum must be added to inhibit the
probability of valuable minerals and bubbles, and significantly reduce
floatability of fine-grained talc, resulting in decreased recovery of
the nonselective entrainment of fine-grained gangue minerals. Hence,
chalcopyrite.
the flotation recovery rate of minerals can be more accurately de-
The objective of this study was to explore the selective inhibition of
termined.
fine-grained talc by calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium lignosulfonate
In a typical flotation test, the mineral pulp was prepared by adding
during chalcopyrite flotation. Adsorption tests, zeta potential mea-
2 g of artificial mixed ore (1:1 mass ratio of chalcopyrite and talc) to a
surements, and infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the
50 mL breaker with 50 mL of distilled water and conditioned for 2 min.
mechanism by which these reagents decrease the floatability of talc.
CaCl2, sodium lignosulfonate, butyl xanthate, and MIBC were added to
the solution sequentially, then HCl (or NaOH) was added to obtain a pH
2. Experimental approach
of approximately 10, and the pulp was stirred for 2 min after each ad-
dition. Subsequently, the pulp was transferred to a Hallimond tube and
2.1. Materials and reagents
floated for 3 min with a nitrogen flow rate of 0.4 L/min. The froth
products (m1) and tailings were separately collected and dried, and the
Natural chalcopyrite sample was obtained from Daye City, Hubei
Cu content (β) in the foam products was determined. The recovery rates
Province, China. Natural talc sample was purchased from Baoding City,
of chalcopyrite (γ1) and talc (γ2) in the froth products were calculated
Hebei Province, China. High-grade raw ore was carefully crushed to
as follows:
−2 mm, from which high-crystallinity ore was manually selected and
then ground using a porcelain grinding ball to obtain flotation samples. m1 β
γ1 = × 100%
A -74 + 45 μm size fraction of chalcopyrite and a −25 μm size fraction 0.3291 (1)
of talc were obtained by elutriation and sieving, respectively. Previous
publications [12–14] proved that the physicochemical behavior of mi- m1 β
γ2 = (m1 − ) × 100%
nerals particles are mainly governed by the properties of the most 0.3291 (2)
commonly exposed surface of the mineral. As shown in Fig. 1, there
were few records of impure peaks, indicating that the talc sample were
of high purity, and the most commonly exposed surface for talc was

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the flotation apparatus (pore diameter of micro-

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of talc sample. porous core: 40–50 μm).

89
Y. Fu et al.
2.3. Contact angle measurements
The contact angle of a liquid on a material surface is an important
parameter for evaluating the wettability of the liquid on the material
surface, and the advancing contact angle can be approximated to the
ideal Young contact angle [15]. Recent studies suggested that the
contact angle of crystalline solid surfaces were mainly affected by
surface roughness and heterogeneity [16,17]. In order to reduce the
influence of surface roughness on the contact angle, after being ground,
the samples were further polished with 0.05 μm alumina powder solu-
tion on a “selected silk” polishing cloth. In this work, the advancing
contact angles of talc under different conditions were measured for the
purpose of surface characterization.
The contact angle measurements were performed by the sessile drop
technique using a JC2000 A contact angle goniometer. Prior to the test,
the talc and reagents were mixed thoroughly in a beaker. Subsequently,
the pulp was centrifuged and filtered, and the precipitate was vacuum
dried at 40 °C for 12 h. Afterwards, the precipitate was embedded in
resin and then ground with a diamond grinding disc to obtain a flat
surface, subsequently the surface was polished with 0.05 μm alumina
powder solution. During each measurement, a stable and suitable water
drop of approximately 4.5 μL was deposited on the sample surface with
a microsyringe, and the contact angle was measured by capturing
images of the water droplet profile by computer. The contact angle
measurements were repeated at least six times and the mean and
standard deviation were calculated.
2.4. Zeta potential measurements
The zeta potential of talc was measured before and after interacting
with reagents using a Malvern Instruments Nano-ZS90 zeta potential
analyzer. First, 20 mg of talc (−5 μm) was conditioned in 50 mL of
water with 1 × 10−3 mol/L KCl as a background electrolyte. After
adding the required reagents to the pulp, the pH was regulated by
adding HCl or NaOH. The zeta potential of talc was measured at least
five times under each condition, and the mean and standard deviation
were calculated.
2.5. Infrared spectroscopy
The talc–reagent interaction was investigated by infrared spectro-
scopy using a Nicolet 380 FT-IR spectrometer. The samples for infrared
spectroscopy were prepared by adding the flotation reagents to 2 g of
−2 μm talc in solution and then conditioning for 30 min at a pH of
approximately 10. Subsequently, the sample was centrifuged, filtered,
and washed three times with an aqueous solution at the corresponding
pH. The precipitate was then vacuum dried at 40 °C. In a typical mea-
surement, 1 mg of the dried precipitate was mixed with 50 mg KBr in an
agate mortar. The infrared spectra were obtained in the range of
4000–500 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1 at 25 °C.
2.6. Adsorption measurements
The amounts of Ca2+ and sodium lignosulfonate adsorbed on the
talc surface were determined to investigate the inhibition mechanism.
Prior to the test, 2 g of pure talc was added into a beaker with 50 mL of
distilled water and conditioned for 5 min, with NaOH added to main-
tain a pH of approximately 10. Subsequently, CaCl2 was added and the
mixture was conditioned for 30 min.
The suspension was centrifuged and the supernatant was collected,
then the Ca2+ concentration was detected by inductively coupled
plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Similarly, after CaCl2
(20 mg/L) and sodium lignosulfonate were added, the suspension was
centrifuged and the supernatant was collected for UV spectroscopic
analysis (UV1901PC UV–vis spectrophotometer). Based on the residual
concentration of sodium lignosulfonate in the solution, the adsorption
90
Colloids and Surfaces A 558 (2018) 88–94
of sodium lignosulfonate was obtained as follows [18]:
(C0 − C )
Γ= V
1000m (3)
where Г is the amount adsorbed on the talc surface, mg/g; C0 and C
represent the initial and residual concentrations of sodium lig-
nosulfonate in the solution, respectively, mg/L; V is the solution vo-
lume, mL; and m is the mass of talc, g.
2.7. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
The content of element on the talc surface was analyzed by XPS
using an ESCALAB 250 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. First, 2 g of
talc (−10 μm) was added to 50 mL of deionized water and the pH was
adjusted to approximately 10. Then, the flotation reagents were added
and the mixture was stirred for 3 min. Subsequently, the pulp was
centrifuged and the precipitate was vacuum dried before XPS analysis.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Artificial mixed mineral flotation tests
The effect of CaCl2 dosage on the flotation behavior of chalcopyrite
and talc is presented in Fig. 3. The results indicate that the presence of
CaCl2 negatively affected the recovery of talc, but it had no influence on
the recovery of chalcopyrite. As the amount of CaCl2 increased from 0
to 50 mg/L, the recovery of chalcopyrite was stable at approximately
95%, whereas the recovery of talc decreased from 52.19% to 39.14%.
Fig. 4 shows the effect of sodium lignosulfonate dosage on the
floatability of chalcopyrite and talc. The recovery of chalcopyrite
slightly decreased on increasing the sodium lignosulfonate content from
0 to 100 mg/L, whereas the talc recovery decreased from 52.19% to
31.07%, a reduction of 21.12 percentage points, indicating that sodium
lignosulfonate has a slight inhibitory effect on the floatability of talc.
The effect of sodium lignosulfonate dosage on artificial mixed mi-
neral flotation in the presence of Ca2+ was investigated, and the results
are presented in Fig. 5. Compared with the behavior in the presence of
sodium lignosulfonate alone (Fig. 4), the combined effect of Ca2+ and
sodium lignosulfonate can significantly reduce the recovery of talc in
artificial mixed minerals, but it only has a slight inhibitory effect on the
floatability of chalcopyrite (Fig. 5). As the amount of sodium lig-
nosulfonate increased from 0 to 50 mg/L, the recovery of talc decreased
from 40.66% to 13.24%, a decrease of 27.42 percentage points,
whereas the recovery of chalcopyrite decreased from 96.45% to
90.15%. These artificial mixed mineral flotation results indicate that
the combined action of CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate can effectively
Fig. 3. Effects of CaCl2 dosage on the recovery of chalcopyrite and talc (butyl
xanthate dosage: 20 mg/L; MIBC dosage: 20 mg/L; pulp pH: 10).
Y. Fu et al.
Fig. 4. Effects of sodium lignosulfonate dosage on the floatability of chalco-
pyrite and talc (butyl xanthate dosage: 20 mg/L; MIBC dosage: 20 mg/L; pulp
pH: 10).
Fig. 5. Effects of sodium lignosulfonate dosage on the flotation behavior of
chalcopyrite and talc in the presence of CaCl2 (butyl xanthate dosage: 20 mg/L;
MIBC dosage: 20 mg/L; pulp pH: 10).
depress talc during chalcopyrite flotation, thereby reducing the content
of talc in the flotation concentrate.
3.2. Zeta potential measurements
The zeta potential of talc was investigated before and after treat-
ment with CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate, as summarized in Fig. 6.
For bare talc, the zeta potential was 2.7, which is consistent with pre-
vious literature values [10,19,20]. The surface potential of talc in-
creased significantly after the addition of CaCl2. This change occurred
primarily because the surface of talc was negatively charged when the
pulp pH was greater than 2.7, resulting in the adsorption of a large
amount of Ca2+ on the talc surface [21–23], which changed the surface
potential of talc. When talc was sequentially combined with CaCl2 and
sodium lignosulfonate, the surface potential of talc decreased sig-
nificantly owing to the complexation of lignosulfonate ions with Ca2+
on the talc surface [24], which resulted in talc exhibiting electro-
negativity over a wide pH range. The zeta potential results suggest that
Ca2+ is easily adsorbed on the surface of talc, and that the subsequent
addition of sodium lignosulfonate results in complex formation between
Ca2+ and lignosulfonate ions on the talc surface.
91
Colloids and Surfaces A 558 (2018) 88–94
Fig. 6. Zeta potential of talc in the presence of various reagents (CaCl2 dosage:
20 mg/L; sodium lignosulfonate dosage: 50 mg/L).
Table 2
Contact angles of talc in the presence of various reagents.
Sample Talc Talc + Ca2+ Talc + sodium Talc + Ca2+ +
lignosulfonate sodium lignosulfonate
Contact angle / ° 78.2 55.4 66.5 16.3
3.3. Contact angle measurements
Table 2 shows the contact angles of talc in the presence of various
reagents. Natural talc, which is oleophilic and hydrophobic, exhibited a
contact angle of 78.2°. Both Ca2+ and sodium lignosulfonate can
slightly reduce the contact angle of talc and enhance the hydrophilicity
of the particles. When treated with Ca2+ (20 mg/L) or sodium lig-
nosulfonate (100 mg/L), the contact angle of talc decreased to 55.4° or
66.5°. However, when talc was co-treated with Ca2+ (20 mg/L) and
sodium lignosulfonate (50 mg/L), the contact angle decreased to 16.3°,
indicating that the interaction of Ca2+ and sodium lignosulfonate can
significantly reduce the hydrophobicity of talc. Moreover, the combined
inhibitory effect of these two reagents on talc was more effective than
the individual effects of the reagents.
3.4. Adsorption studies
To further investigate the inhibitory mechanism of Ca2+ and so-
dium lignosulfonate on talc, the adsorption capacity of the talc surface
for Ca2+ and sodium lignosulfonate was examined, and the results are
shown in Fig. 7 and 8. Notably, Ca2+ can be adsorbed on the talc
surface, with a saturated adsorption amount of Ca2+ of 0.50 mg/g. The
mechanism may involve the adsorption of hydrophilic Ca2+ on the
surface of talc, thus increasing the hydrophilicity and inhibiting the
floatability of talc [25].
As shown in Fig. 8, with the increase of the concentration of sodium
lignosulfonate, the adsorption amount of sodium lignosulfonate on talc
surface gradually increased. In the absence of CaCl2, the maximum
adsorption capacity of sodium lignosulfonate on talc was 1.01 mg/g,
whereas pretreatment with CaCl2 increased the maximum adsorption
capacity of sodium lignosulfonate on talc to 2.38 mg/g. These results
indicate that the addition of CaCl2 contributes to the adsorption of
sodium lignosulfonate on the talc surface, thereby significantly redu-
cing the contact angle of talc and reducing the recovery of talc during
the flotation of chalcopyrite.
Y. Fu et al. Colloids and Surfaces A 558 (2018) 88–94

Fig. 7. Effects of CaCl2 dosage on the adsorption capacity of talc (pulp pH: 10).
Fig. 9. Infrared spectra of talc, CaCl2, and sodium lignosulfonate.

Ca increased from 0.21% to 4.42%, indicating that a large amount of

Ca2+ was adsorbed on the surface of talc. When only sodium lig-
nosulfonate was added to the pulp, the relative content of C increased
from 16.05% to 19.21%, demonstrating that sodium lignosulfonate was
also adsorbed on talc. However, when CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate
were added in sequence, the relative contents of C and Ca on the talc
surface increased significantly and were much larger than when these
reagents were added separately. The results demonstrate that the sy-
nergistic effect of CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate can significantly
increase their adsorption densities on the talc surface, thus enhancing
the inhibition effect on talc.

3.6. Infrared spectroscopy analysis

Infrared spectroscopy is typically used to investigate the interaction

mechanism between flotation reagents and mineral surfaces. The in-
frared spectra of talc, CaCl2, and sodium lignosulfonate are shown in
Fig. 8. Effects of sodium lignosulfonate dosage on the adsorption capacity of
Fig. 9, and the infrared spectra of talc conditioned with various flota-
talc in the absence and presence of CaCl2 (pulp pH: 10).
tion reagents are presented in Fig. 10.
For bare talc, the peak at 1437.40 cm−1 was assigned to the
3.5. XPS analysis stretching vibration of Mg(OH)2, the peak at 670.18 cm−1 was related
to the vibration of Mg–O bonds, and the peak at 728.74 cm−1 was as-
XPS is commonly applied to study the valence states of elements on signed to the symmetric stretching vibration of Si–O bonds [29,30]. In
particle surfaces and for semi-quantitative analysis of surface elements
[26–28], and is widely used in chemical industry, materials and hy-
drometallurgy.
To further study the mechanism by which CaCl2 and sodium lig-
nosulfonate inhibit the floatability of talc, the contents of the surface
elements of talc were investigated before and after interaction with
CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate, and the results are summarized in
Table 3. When only CaCl2 was added to the pulp, the relative content of

Table 3
XPS analysis of the surface elements of talc (CaCl2 dosage: 20 mg/L; sodium
lignosulfonate dosage: 50 mg/L; pulp pH: 10).
Sample Relative contents of surface elements (%)

C O Mg Si Ca

Talc 16.05 46.49 19.78 17.47 0.21

Talc + CaCl2 15.97 45.16 18.25 16.20 4.42
Talc + sodium 19.21 45.73 18.38 16.52 0.16
lignosulfonate
Talc + CaCl2 + sodium 25.14 39.27 15.22 13.48 6.89
Fig. 10. Infrared spectra of talc conditioned with CaCl2 and sodium lig-
lignosulfonate
nosulfonate.

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Y. Fu et al.
Fig. 11. The schematic diagrams of the inhibition on talc by CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate.
the infrared spectrum of sodium lignosulfonate, the absorption band at
3050.99 cm−1 originated from the extension vibration of CeH in the
benzene ring, and the peak at 1654.76 cm−1 resulted from the de-
formation vibration of the benzene ring [31–33]. The characteristic
peaks at 1211.56, 1040.26, and 548.19 cm−1 were assigned to the
symmetric stretching vibration and bending vibration of the sulfo group
[34–37].
As observed in Fig. 10, treatment of talc with CaCl2 results in the
appearance of a sharp absorption peak at 3644.83 cm−1 related to
−OH stretching in calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) [38–41] and char-
acteristic peaks at 1437.00 and 882.01 cm−1 attributed to the out-of-
plane bending of CeO in carbonate groups (CO32-) [42–46]. The pre-
sence of carbonate groups indicates that CO2 in the atmospheric may
cause slight contamination of the sample. After sodium lignosulfonate
treatment, the adsorption band corresponding to CeH in the benzene
ring shifted from 3050.99 to 3018.77 cm−1, and –OSOO– vibration
bands emerged at 1203.51 and 526.75 cm−1 [47,48], indicating that
sodium lignosulfonate was chemically adsorbed on the talc surface.
Following treatment with CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate in sequence,
the −OH stretching bands exhibited a remarkable shift of 17.37 cm−1
(from 3644.83 to 3627.46 cm−1), and the CeO stretching bands shifted
from 1437.00 to 1436.76 cm−1 and from 882.01 to 874.45 cm−1. These
changes demonstrated that CaCl2 was chemically adsorbed on the talc
surface in the presence of sodium lignosulfonate. Meanwhile, the
–(C6H6)– stretching bands shifted from 3050.99 to 3020.97 cm−1 and
from 1654.76 to 1630.13 cm−1, and the –OSOO– bands shifted from
1211.56 to 1219.15 cm−1 and from 548.19 to 529.39 cm−1. Such shifts
suggested that the adsorption of sodium lignosulfonate on the talc
surface was chemical in nature.
The above results suggest that both CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate
can be chemically adsorbed on the surface of talc under strongly al-
kaline conditions.
3.7. Mechanistic analysis of the synergistic reaction
The artificial mixed mineral flotation tests indicated that the
93
Colloids and Surfaces A 558 (2018) 88–94
synergistic effect of CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate significantly in-
hibits talc floatability. The zeta potential measurements, contact angle
measurements, and adsorption studies showed that CaCl2 and sodium
lignosulfonate can be adsorbed on the surface of talc, which sig-
nificantly increases the hydrophilicity of talc. Infrared spectroscopy and
XPS analyses showed that Ca2+ can be chemically adsorbed on the
surface of talc [21–23], and subsequently added sodium lignosulfonate
can form complexes with Ca2+, thereby further increasing the hydro-
philicity of talc and inhibiting its floatability [49]. The schematic dia-
grams of the inhibition on talc by CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate is
presented in Fig. 11.
4. Conclusions
In this study, the inhibitory effect of CaCl2 and sodium lig-
nosulfonate on talc during chalcopyrite flotation was investigated, and
the inhibition mechanism was studied. The main conclusions are as
follows:
The artificial mixed mineral flotation tests indicated that the com-
bined action of CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate effectively reduces the
content of talc in the chalcopyrite concentrate. The zeta potential
measurements, contact angle measurements, and adsorption studies
showed that the presence of Ca2+ significantly increases the adsorption
density of sodium lignosulfonate on the talc surface, reduces the surface
potential of talc, and enhances the hydrophilicity of talc particles,
thereby effectively inhibiting the floatability of talc. These findings
were confirmed by the XPS analysis. In addition, the infrared spectro-
scopy analysis suggested that both CaCl2 and sodium lignosulfonate can
be chemically adsorbed on the talc surface under strongly alkaline
conditions, thus achieving selective inhibition of talc.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supportprovided
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under
grant number 51504053 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Y. Fu et al.
Central Universities (No. N170107013). Yafeng Fu is also thankful for
the scholarship provided by the Collaborative Innovation Center of
Steel Technology.
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