UNIT 7 : Family comes first

Grammar Topics
Definitions, examples and exercises
 Possessive Apostrophe
Possessive Apostrophe is used to show that someone has something or
that something belongs to someone.
Structure:
Add an apostrophe plus letter S to the noun: ( ‘ s )
If the noun already ends in an S , just at the apostrophe after the letter: ( s ’ )

If a proper name ends with an s: you can add just the apostrophe (‘)
or an apostrophe and an s.

for example: You are sitting in Chris’s chair

You are sitting in Chris’ chair.

When you have a plural noun that ends in s: just add the apostrophe

for example: This is the boys’ bedroom

My parents’ have a lovely old house
Here’s a tip: Should you write student’s or students’?

- When you’re talking about one student, add apostrophe + s:

Ex: The student’s favorite subject was science.

- When you’re talking about many students, add an apostrophe.

Ex: The students’ favorite subject was science.
 Questions in Simple Present

We use the Wh- questions (who, what, when, Where and how) to ask for certain information.

Time Expressions tell us the timing of an action. They use the auxiliary verb do before the subject.
we use the following questions:
- What Time?
- When?
- How often?
For example:
What time do you go to bed?
When do you visit your grandparents?
How often do you hang out with your friends?

We use the Wh- question WHO to ask about the subject in a sentence.

for example: Who is your best friend? My best friend is Sarah.

We use the Wh- question How old to ask about someone’s age.

for example: How old is your brother? He is 5 years old.

 Must vs. have to

Both Must and have to express obligation or necessity, but there are some small difference, it depends on who imposes the
obligation.

• Must expresses the speaker's feelings, strong personal advice, official rules, instructions:

You must come to my birthday party. (I require that you come)

Must I wear this tie? Am I obliged to wear this tie? (What do you think?)
You must put your mask on before you walk into the store.

• Have to Someone else think’s that it’s necessary mainly expresses responsibility / general obligations:

I have to brush my teeth twice a day.

I have to do my homework everyday.
Do I have to wear this tie? Am I obliged to wear this tie? (Is there a rule about ties?)

Diference:
Teacher: You must complete your activity by Friday. (The teacher is giving the students an obligation/instruction)
Students: We have to complete the activity by Friday. (The students have the obligation the teacher gave them)
In their negative forms, Must not / mustn't and don't have to have completely different meanings:
• Mustn't expresses prohibition

You mustn't drive. You are prohibited to drive. You are not allowed to drive.

• Don't have to expresses the absence of obligation or necessity:

You don't have to drive. You are not obliged to drive (but you can if you want to).

Answer the following exercise with Must – Musn’t – Have to- Don’t have to:
1.You _______ be here at 7pm.
2. I ________ leave for work at 6am.
3. You __________ eat that if you don’t like it.
4. You ______ respect your parents.
5. You __________ be 18 years old to vote.
6. I ___________ finish my report by 5pm.
7. I ____________ wear glasses to see.
8. I ______________ be there until tomorrow night.
9. He ______________ call her at work.
10. Do we _________ bring something to the party?
 Adverbs of Degree
They tell us about the intensity of something.
Adverbs of degree are placed before the adjective that they modify.

For example: My coffee is extremely hot.

adverb of degree: extremely

adjective : hot