SESI 14

APPLICATIONS OF
AGENT BASED
MODELING
 Area Penggunaan ABM
ABM mempelajari perilaku agents yang saling berinteraksi
 menggunakan Bahasa pemodelan tertentu  setiap
agen punya kehendak dan tujuan sendiri tapi harus
berinteraksi dengan agen-agen lain dan lingkungan

Pada dasarnya setiap situasi sosial, bisnis atau

engineering yang melibatkan dua atau lebih [puluhan]
pelaku yang saling berinteraksi dengan tujuan masing-
masing berbeda atau berkoordinasi – kooperasi - kompetisi
– negosiasi – [ataupun planning] dapat menggunakan
pemodelan berbasis agen
 4 Areas of ABM Application
1. Flows: evacuation, traffic, and customer flow management.

2. Markets: stock market, shopbots and software agents, and strategic

simulation. The dynamics of the stock market results from the behavior
of many interacting agents, leading to emergent phenomena that are
best understood by using a bottom-up approach  dari level individu
ke level agregasi

3. Organizations: operational risk and organizational design. One

promising area of application for ABM is organizational simulation. It is
clearly possible to model the emergent collective behavior of an
organization or of a part of an organization in a certain context or at a
certain level of description.

4. Diffusion: [penyebaran] diffusion of innovation and adoption dynamics

are influenced by their social context, that is, what others around them
do.
 When Is ABM Useful?

•When the interactions between the agents are complex,

nonlinear, discontinuous, or discrete (for example, when the
behavior of an agent can be altered dramatically, even
discontinuously, by other agents).
•When space is crucial and the agents’ positions are not fixed.
Example: fire escape, theme park, supermarket, traffic.
•When the population is heterogeneous, when each individual is
(potentially) different. Example: virtually every crowd or mob.
•When the topology of the interactions is heterogeneous and
complex. Example: when interactions are homogeneous and
globally mixing, there is no need for agent-based simulation, but
social networks are rarely homogeneous, they are characterized
by clusters, leading to deviations from the average behavior.
14 ABM - Application
 Application of agents interaction:
COORDINATION, COOPERATION,
NEGOTIATION and PLANNING

Coordination, Cooperation and Negotiation are aspects of

group or joint activity of agents.
Planning can be an individual activity of an agent, but in a
group it is normally desirable that the plans be coherent and
contribute towards the achievement of goals or objectives
 focus on how can agents work together towards the
achievement of objectives.

14 ABM - Application
 I. COORDINATION
• Coordination is a mechanism for ensuring that agents’
activities retain some desired relationship/s (sequence,
complementarity, etc.).
• Control is the extent to which coordination information
must be implemented by a recipient agent.
• The range of control is from none to total. Control is
inversely related to autonomy (for the recipient agent, no
control corresponds to total autonomy, and being totally
controlled corresponds to zero autonomy.

14 ABM - Application
 The fundamental coordination mechanisms
A. Mutual adjustment
•Agents share information and resources to achieve a common goal, adjusting
their behaviour according to the behaviour of the other agents.
•No agent has prior control and decision making is joint. Coordination in peer
groups and markets is usually by mutual adjustment.
B. Direct supervision
•One agent has some degree of control over others and can control
information, resources, and behaviour.
•Often established through mutual adjustment (e.g. following acceptance of
employment or a contract).

14 ABM - Application
 C. Coordination by standardization
•Standard procedures are established for agents to follow.
In mutual adjustment, are implemented by acceptance. In direct
supervision, are implemented through (mandatory) requests.
D. Mediated coordination
•A mediator acts as a facilitator (e.g. finds/routes information, etc.), a broker
(a ‘go-between’ and advisor on resource negotiations, etc.), and a supervisor
(exercising some degree of direct supervision). The first role is mandatory,
but the others are optional. A mediator facilitates or brokers mutual
adjustment between agents and may also use direct supervision.
E. Coordination by reactive behaviour
•Agents react to particular stimuli (“situations) with specific behaviours
(“actions”). With appropriately selected or evolved stimuli-behaviour
groupings and distributions, system-level patterns of coordinated behaviour
emerge which contribute to the achievement of common or system goals.
14 ABM - Application
Attributes in Organization, Information, and
Coordination
An organization is composed of organizational attributes
whose coordination is implemented through information flows
and exchanges:
• Organizational Attributes
- Tasks, parts, machines, tools, ----- (“what”)
- Functions, processes, ----- (“how”)
- Schedules, schedulers, ----- (“when”)
- Locations, destinations, ----- (“where”)
NOTE: All of these organizational attributes can be
represented by agents,
14 in
ABMa multi-agent
- Application system.
• Information Attributes
- Properties, status, -----
- Conflicts, problems, -----
- Goals, objectives, -----
- Structures, membership, -----
- Relationships, dependencies, -----
- etc.
• Coordination Attributes
- mutual adjustment
- direct supervision
- coordination by standardization
- mediated coordination
- reactive coordination
14 ABM - Application
 II. COOPERATION
Only two (mutual adjustment, mediated coordination) allows
for agents to have autonomy, i.e. the freedom to make choices
and determine their own actions.
Agents which have some degree of autonomy can cooperate
with other such agents on tasks and activities, for their own or
mutual benefit.
Advantages of Cooperation
• Complete tasks quicker through shared effort
• By sharing resources, achieve tasks otherwise not possible
• Make use of complementary capabilities
• Avoid harmful interactions
14 ABM - Application
Modes of Cooperation
• accidental: not intended  tidak disengaja
• unilaterally intended: one agent intentionally helps
another
• mutual cooperation: two or more agents intentionally
collaborate
Degrees of Cooperation
• Fully cooperative (benevolent): Agents always attempt to
assist other agents that request or need their help
• Antagonistic: Agents do not cooperate with others and
may even try to block their goals
• Partly cooperative: Agents sometimes or to some extent
will assist other agents
14 ABM - Application
 III. NEGOTIATION
The process of improving agreement (reducing inconsistency
and uncertainty) on common viewpoints or plans through the
structured exchange of relevant knowledge
• Bargaining (promising something in exchange for
something else), bidding (offering a service or capability
at a specific ‘price’), and contracting (committing to
provide a service or capability at a specific ‘price’) may
be part of the negotiation process.
• Prior to negotiation: an agent needs to identify a
resource or service it requires but cannot supply and then
it needs to identify an agent/s which it believes
potentially could.
14 ABM - Application
• Negotiation: Agent contacts other agents and identifies
its need or requests resource or service (often under specified
conditions); other agent/s identify what can be supplied
under what conditions; initiating agent/s accepts conditions;
supplying agent/s commit to provide resource or service.
- In single-stage negotiation, initiating agent makes a
request and the respondent accepts or rejects this.
- In multi-stage negotiation, agents iterate through
more than one stage of offer/counter-offer.
- Negotiation protocols: a structured procedure for
one or more stages of the negotiation process.

14 ABM - Application
Flocks of starlings (thousands of birds) Flock of geese flying in a classic V
acting as a swarm. formation.
14 ABM - Application
Model keseimbangan rantai pasok
minyak sawit
 Model persaingan dan negosiasi harga
Petani – PTPN-VIII – Animal Feed Factories