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Lecture06 P2
Lecture06 P2
A gas consists of atoms that fill their container’s volume and the
volume is a result of the freedom of the atoms spread throughout
the container.
• But all real gases approach the ideal state at low enough
densities:
+ Molecules are far enough apart, so they do not interact with
one another.
+ An ideal gas obeys the ideal gas law (see next slides).
3.1. Ideal Gases
Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s law
Equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and
pressure, contain the same number of molecules.
N
n
NA
where N is the number of molecules in the sample
M sample M sample
n
M mN A
M arsenic
The number of moles n: n
M
N 7.5 10 24
M arsenic nM M 74.9 933 (g)
NA 6.02 10 23
3.1.1. Experimental Laws and the Equation of State
Boyle’s Law (Boyle-Mariotte): For a given mass, at constant
temperature (isothermal), the pressure times the volume is a
constant for an ideal gas.
pV constant
V constant T
p constant T
J. L. Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)
R 8.31J mol1 K 1 23 -1
k 1 . 38 10 J K
N A 6.02 10 23 mol1
N
nR kN A kN (N is the number of molecules)
NA
F
pressure: p
A
Fi F0
Pascal’s law:
Ai A0
thermal expansion:
• Linear expansion: (solids) ΔL LT
• Area expansion: (solids) ΔA A A T; A 2
• Volume expansion: (solids and liquids)
ΔV V T; 3
Heat capacity: Q C ΔT C (Tf Ti )
specific capacity:
Q cm ΔT cm (Tf Ti )
• Latent heat:
Q Lm
Heat Transfer Mechanisms:
Q TH TC
• Conduction: Pcond kA (Unit: W = J/s)
t L
k 2 A(TH - TX ) k1A(TX - TC )
steady-state: Pcond
L2 L1
A(TH - TC )
Pcond n
(L /k )
i 1
i i
Chapter 3:
3. Cyclical processes:
p | W | area ABC
•Work done by the gas:
-Expansion: W 0 A
W 0
-Compression: W 0
•Energy transferred as heat Q:
-Heat transferred to the gas B C
(receiving energy as heat):
Q0 p V
-Heat transferred from the gas | W | area ABC
(releasing energy as heat): A
W 0
Q0
B C