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 Verbal and non-verbal intercultural communication

Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is that which occurs using a
language, both orally and in writing. It appears, for
example, when two or more people talk to each other
or when someone reads a text written by another.

For communication to be successful, the interlocutors

must know the same language. In this way, mesa and
table (in English) refer to the same object, but when
using a different language, communication would not
be possible if the other language is unknown.(Muriel,
2023)
 Non-verbal communication

Nonverbal communication, also called body

language, is the process of sending and receiving
messages without using words, whether spoken
or written. Just as some spelling signs are useful
for emphasizing written language, nonverbal
behavior can emphasize parts of a verbal
message.
However, non-verbal behavior has been recognized for centuries as a
fundamental aspect of communication. An example can be found in "The
Advancement of Learning" (1605), a work in which Francis Bacon observed
that "the outlines of the body reveal the disposition and inclination of the
mind in general, but the movements of the countenance and the parts not
only "They do it, but they also reveal the mood and the current state of mind
and will." (Serrano, 2022)
 Paralanguage
Paralanguage refers to the vocal and non-verbal characteristics that accompany
spoken language, such as intonation, tone of voice, speed of speech, volume,
facial and body gestures, posture, and other non-verbal aspects that can
communicate additional information about the message being transmitted.

It can be used to emphasize certain words or phrases, to express emotions or

attitudes, or to convey information about the relationship between speaker and
listener. Additionally, it is an important part of human communication and can
have a significant impact on how a message is perceived and understood.
For example, is my friend happy or angry? Is the
teacher asking a question or a statement? The
answers to these questions are basically found with
the intonation or volume of the words spoken by the
person who may be sad or angry, or by asking a
question instead of a statement.

If the volume of my friend's voice is very low, she

is probably sad. On the other hand, if the teacher
ends his sentence by raising the volume of the last
word, we surely say that he is asking a question.
(Más, 2023)
 Paralinguistics

Paralinguistic elements - also called paraverbal elements or paralanguage -

are a series of non-linguistic vocal elements, which are produced with the
same organs of the human speech apparatus, but which are not considered
part of the verbal system; In most cases, they are combined with kinesic
elements or other non-verbal elements to communicate or qualify the
meaning of verbal statements.
They are signs that are emitted consciously or
unconsciously and that have great functional
performance; Let's think, for example, of
laughter, it can express joy and fear, indicate
agreement or following the interlocutor or mark
an anecdotal event among many other
manifestations.

Studies on paralanguage developed at the same

time as increasing interest in non-verbal
communication. Linguistics and phonetics have
devoted attention, although only partially, to a
part of the paralinguistic system.(Cervantes,
2020)
Difference between verbal and non-verbal communication
The differences between verbal and non-verbal communication can be
summarized this way:
Verbal communication (CV)
Use linguistic signs, either orally or in writing.
It responds to a social convention, since it depends
on the code used (language) so that the sender and
receiver can understand each other.
It is precise and concrete: it says what it means,
and you can always add more words to clarify it.
It can occur across distances, with the help of
technology or writing.
It depends on the conscious and voluntary
emission of the word, so that if there is silence it is
not communicated.
It is unique and exclusive to the human being.
(Editorial Etecé, 2023)
Non-verbal communication (NVC)
It does not use linguistic signs, but signs of
another type, or gestures, etc.
It tends to be universal, that is, to serve regardless
of the cultural tradition or language used by the
sender and receiver.
It is less precise, tends to be vague, ambiguous and
allows for a much lower level of detail.
It is totally direct and contextual, if we take it out
of its moment of production it loses all meaning.
It occurs constantly, whether conscious or
unconscious, voluntary or involuntary, even while
speaking.
It is shared by humans and animals.
 Intercultural communication
A word that passes from one culture to another loses its context of original
use, being misunderstood or acquiring a new meaning. For example, many
of the names by which some indigenous peoples of Latin America were
known for hundreds of years derive from the lack of understanding of their
languages by the conquerors. They assumed, for example, that the name of
the people who lived in a place was the name of an entire town, as in the
case of the Cumanagotos of Venezuela: Cumaná was the name of the place,
while the particle “goto” meant say “those who live in.”
The importance of the cultural context of the
emission of messages for their understanding is
not limited to the fact of belonging or not to the
same cultural universe or, if not, knowing it
sufficiently, together with the language used to
understand its content, that is, to know how to
decode it. In truth, each cultural context allows
communication because it produces signs and it is
these that constitute the basic elements of the
messages. There are several uses and meanings
that have been attributed to this word, both in the
linguistic and extralinguistic
fields. (pea_026_0023_0.pdf,2020)
 Suggestion

To address intercultural communication as a basic competence in the

training process in the university classroom, it would be necessary to clarify
the terms and semantic relationships that come into play.
It is necessary to understand that interculturality represents a complex
network of meanings, appropriations and senses.
Explanatory video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nBRK_hSEpI
 Bibliography
■ Cervantes, C. C. V. (2020, mayo 18). CVC. Diccionario de términos clave de ELE. Paralingüístico. Instituto
Cervantes. https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/diccio_ele/diccionario/paralinguistico.htm
■ Editorial Etecé. (2023, noviembre 23). Comunicación Verbal y no Verbal—Diferencias y ejemplos.
https://concepto.de/. https://concepto.de/comunicacion-verbal-y-no-verbal/
■ Más, L. y. (2023, marzo 7). ¿Qué es el Paralenguaje? Potencia tu lenguaje no verbal.
https://www.logopediaymas.es/blog/paralenguaje/
■ Muriel, T. (2023, marzo 6). Qué es la comunicación verbal. Significados.
https://www.significados.com/comunicacion-verbal/
■ Pea_026_0023_0.pdf. (s. f.). Recuperado 26 de noviembre de 2023, de
https://www.usfq.edu.ec/sites/default/files/2020-07/pea_026_0023_0.pdf
■ Santander universidades. (2022, mayo 9). Descubre qué es el paralenguaje y su importancia en el liderazgo.
https://www.becas-santander.com/es/blog/paralenguaje.html
■ Serrano, O. (2022, junio 22). Comunicación no verbal: Elementos y características. Agencia comma.
https://agenciacomma.com/formacion-en-comunicacion/comunicacion-no-verbal/