Distillation in

petroleum
Introduction petroleum
It is a mixture of hydro carbon compounds and relatively small quantities of
other materials such as oxygen, nitrogen, Sulphur, salt, water, dissolved gases
such as hydrogen sulphide ( H2S) and trace amounts of metals such as iron,
nickel, Cooper and vanadium.
w petroleum is distilled Petroleum is called black gold because of its great importance in our lives, as it is used in many industries and is used in the operation of
rious means of transportation.

hat is petroleum distillation? Petroleum goes through several stages to be treated before use, including the stage of distillation, and before we learn how to distill
troleum, we must know what is petroleum distillation: Distillation is the first step of petroleum manufacturing and the extraction of various petroleum products and
rivatives. There are many types of distillation that can be used in petroleum refining such as gradual or simple distillation, steam distillation, and flash distillation.
peated distillation or tower distillation, dry distillation, vacuum distillation. In this process, crude oil is heated through a column known as a distillation column.
rough distillation, petroleum is separated into several different components, called fractions, when it is heated up. Distillation does not require any chemical
vents or any additives to separate the components of the crude oil. The petroleum products that result from the distillation process vary according to the
mperature used.
travels through the holes in the plates and plates in the
ow to distill petroleum fractional distillation column. Then condensation of
substances in steam occurs when they reach a temperature
he distillation stage is one of the most important stages of petroleum refining. The following are the steps for conducting this stage:
equal to the boiling temperature, and a liquid is formed as
rude oil is heated to a high temperature of about 600°C. a result
Then of this
the petroleum condensation.
will be steam when it reaches boilingThen the
point. This steamliquid
is fed into ais collected
fractional
tillation column known as a Fractional distillation column.
using plates, and after the distillation stage, the cracking
he steam travels through the holes in the plates and platesstage begins.
in the fractional distillation column. Then condensation of substances in steam occurs when they reach a
mperature equal to the boiling temperature, and a liquid is formed as a result of this condensation. Then the liquid is collected using plates, and after the
tillation stage, the cracking stage begins.
Petroleum Distillation Units How petroleum is distilled:

There is a group of units by which petroleum distillation is carried out, and the following are the main petroleum distillation units

. 1- Tube heater:- Crude oil consists of the characteristics of natural gas. The stages of coal formation. It consists of several tubes in a room built of stones that resist high temperatures. And sometimes the tube heater is divided into the convection zone and the
radiation zone

Radiation. The oil is pumped to the heater, where it enters the convection zone to be heated by burning oil. Then the temperature of the oil rises to the required degree when it enters the radiation zone. 2- The strips are small separators in size, found in
distillation towers through which petroleum is distilled.

These separators are equipped to dispose of materials from petroleum distillation towers. These products are disposed of by re-boiling stages, or through superheated steam.

3- Retail towers are towers consisting of a group of layers known as trays, and these trays contain steam tubes with holes through which steam exits. The number of trays in retail towers varies depending on the type of material to be separated and the type of
separation.
Units used in petroleum distillation

heat exchangers.

Pumps.

Connecting tubes.

Condensers and coolants.

Measuring devices and pressure devices.

Warehouses collection and storage.

Distillation divisions

Distillation is the most important process of refining

This process is divided into several sections

As follows. 1- Distillation under normal atmospheric pressure that produces some gases

Such as methane, ethane, and butane

propane and pentane,

A product of this light distillate

Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Petroleum Ether. The intermediate products include fuel oil, gas oil, light wax distillates, and kerosene.
The heavy products

From which it is produced are diesel oil and lubricating oils.

Other products include resins, semi-solid liquids, and asphalt

. 2- Distillation under low pressure through which the distillation of the derivatives can be carried out at a temperature lower than the boiling temperature.

The products of this distillation vary according to the type of crude oil used and the operating conditions. From distillates under low pressure bitumen, light and medium lubricating oils, wax.

3- Light oil distillation This distillation is done in order to stabilize the light products in addition to separating any dissolved gases. Distillation of light oil is carried out through stabilization columns that remove hydrocarbon compounds from crude
oil
‫اعداد الطالب علي سيف الدين حيدر محمد سعيد‬

‫المرحلة الرابعة مسائي‬

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