Kiet group of institutions,Ghaziabad

MECHANICAL DEPT.

PRESENTATION ON INTERNSHIP IN NTH

TOPIC-DESTRUCTIVE/NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

MADE BY:HARSHVARDHAN SINGH

ROLL NO.:2100290400025
INTRODUCTION:
The National Test House [NTH], formerly known as Government Test House was established
long way back in 1912 in Calcutta by the then Railway Board to cater to the needs of the Indian
Railways by import substitution. During 1916-1918 the Indian Industrial Commission
recommended for an Indian Stores Department and the same was formed which absorbed NTH
for regular testing of the general stores required by the Government Departments including
Defense Department for a long period.
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:
Destructive testing is undertaken in order to understand a specimen’s performance or material
behaviour, these procedures are carried out to the test specimen’s failure. Destructive testing
procedures can either follow specific standards or can be tailored to reproduce set service
conditions.The tests which we did are-
• Charpy test  Bend Test
• Tensile test
• Vicker Hardness test
• Rockwell Hardness test
CHARPY IMPACT TEST:
Also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized
high strain rate test which determines the amount of energy
absorbed by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a
measure of the material's notch toughness.
The notching is done beforehand on broaching machine.
The Indian standards for testing are given in IS 1757(1988).

TENSILE TEST:
Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to pull
something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the
point where it breaks. Tensile strength of a material can be
measured by testing it with an Universal Testing Machine (or
UTM). It is a versatile machine that can be used to
measure tensile and compression tests on materials,
components, and structures. Hence the part “universal” is
attached to this machine.The Indian test standards for tensile
test are given in IS 1608(2005).
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST:
Rockwell hardness test is an indentation hardness test, that has been
developed for hardness testing.Rockwell tester measures the depth of
penetration of an indenter under a large load (major load) compared to
the penetration made by a preload (minor load). The minor load
establishes the zero position. The major load is applied, then removed
while still maintaining the minor load. The difference between depth of
penetration before and after application of the major load is used to
calculate the Rockwell hardness number.. The result is a dimensionless
number noted as HRA, HRB, HRC, etc., where the last letter is the
respective Rockwell scale.Indian standard for this test are in IS 1586-
VICKER HARDNESS TEST:
2(2012). HR=N-(d/s)
This test consists of applying a force on the test material using a diamond indenter, to
obtain an indentation.The test is implemented by pressing the diamond indenter into
the surface under testing. The indenter is pyramid-shaped, with a square base and
an angle of 136 degrees. The length of both diagonals formed on the test surface is
measured, and the average is used for calculating the hardness, given by the ratio
F/A . The hardness value is expressed as Vickers Hardness (HV).The measurements
are made using built-in microscopes. Some more advanced testing scales use
software to obtain faster and more accurate results.The Indian standard for this test
is in IS 1501(2002). HV=1.854*F/d^2
BEND TEST:
A bend test is a method for measuring stiffness and yield properties of certain materials.
Bend tests for ductility provide a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials by their
ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one continuous bend. In
certain cases the bend test can determine tensile strength. It is often used as a quality
control test for butt-welded joints, having the advantage of simplicity of both
test piece and equipment.The Indian standards for bend test are in IS
1599(2012).

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING:

Non-destructive testing do not alter any of the properties of the tested product. These properties could be its
strength, integrity, appearance, corrosion resistance, conductivity, wear resistance,toughness and so on.
When the product passes an NDT test, it can still be used. There’s no detrimental effect on the specimen because of
the test.This advantage makes non-destructive testing a very useful method for products that are freshly
manufactured as well as for those that are already in service.The ndt I did are:
• Magnetic particle testing
• Dye penetration testing
• Ultrasonic testing
• Radiography
DYE PENETRATION TESTING:
Dye penetrant test is widely used to detect surface discontinuities like cracks,
fractures, porosity, grinding defects, incomplete fusion, leaks, impact fractures,
pinholes, laps, and flaws in joints. It works on the philosophy of capillary action. A
liquid with low surface tension can penetrate into a clean and dry surface if the
liquid is kept for a certain time called “Dwell Time”.A cleaner,penetrant are
developer are used successively.Indian standards are given in IS 3658(1999).

RADIOGRAPHY:
1.Radiographic Testing (RT) is one of the most fundamental volumetric-testing
methods performed in industry and radiography NDT. Film radiography, which
utilises either X-ray or gamma radiation generated from a tube or from an isotope of
Iridium-192, Selenium-75 or Cobalt-60, has been the most widely used application
for volumetric inspections. RT NDT has the ability to: penetrate wide ranges of
material with varying densities to detect internal defects in weld quality; profile in-
service systems to determine if corrosion or erosion is present; evaluate castings
for fabrication flaws or foreign objects; and detect damage in composites.It consists
of five steps:Developer,stop bath,fixer,washing,drying.Indian standard for it are given in IS
2595(2008).
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING:
MPI uses magnetic fields and magnetic particles for detecting defects in ferromagnetic
components.The component specimen is magnetized to generate magnetic flux in the
material which travels from the north pole to the south pole.Now if there is any
discontinuity or flaws in the component, secondary magnetic poles are produced in the
cracked faces. In this location, the magnetic field spreads out due to the air gap in the
defect causing a magnetic flux leakage field. Such regions can be detected easily by
using magnetic particles,or a liquid suspension on the surface. Due to the magnetic
effect, such particles are attracted to the flux leakage and make a cluster around the flaw
making it visible.Indian standards are given in IS 3703(2004).

ULTRASONIC TESTING:
UT is a NDT that uses high-frequency sound waves to conduct or evaluate the test
piece.Where A receiver generates high-voltage electrical pulses and a transducer
converts those electrical pulses to high-frequency ultrasonic waves.
These waves propagate through the object in the form of sound waves.
If there is any defect or discontinuity in the path of sound waves, those waves reflect
back to the receiver, Where the transducer converts Sound waves to electrical
waves and displays them on the screen.Indian standards are given in IS
4260(2004).
ELECTRODE TESTING:
It consists of many different types of physical and chemical tests but we only
performed dimension tests which are:
Size and length,bare length(arc striking end,contact end),concentricity of
flux.(A-B<=0.02*(A+B)).Indian standards are in IS 814:2004.

PROFILE PROJECTOR:
Profile projectors are a type of optical measuring instrument.The target is placed on the
stage, and a light is shined on the target from underneath. This causes the target's
profile, or shadow, to be projected on the screen. A telecentric optical system is used to
enable accurate measurements.Profile projectors were originally developed to inspect
the outlines of targets. Models equipped with measurement functions appeared later.
Some large profile projectors have screen diameters that exceed 1 m.
Profile projectors are also commonly known as an optical comparator or shadowgraph.
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