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Lahore Garrison University

STAT 114Probability&Statistics Week-4 Lecture-8
Semester- Fall 2018
Prepared by:

MR ARSHAD HAMEED

Lecturer
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Preamble (Past Lesson Brief)

 Define the Terms, Experiment, Random

Experiment

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Learning Outcomes

 By the end of the lesson Students should understand that 

Independent events are ones which have no effect on the
probability of each other happening.  Mutually exclusive events
cannot both happen at the same time They should also be more
confident in working through a situation with minimal guidance
and spotting results for themselves.
 The next lesson Students will work on various probability
problems pulling all the probability topics together and even
tackle exam questions

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Random Variable

 is a variable that assumes numerical values associated

with the random outcome of an experiment, where one
(and only one) numerical value is assigned to each
sample point. Or
 A random variable is a numerical outcome of a random
process or random event
Example: three tosses of a coin
• S = {HHH,THH,HTH,HHT,HTT,THT,TTH,TTT}
• Random variable X = number of observed Heads
• Possible values for X = {0,1, 2, 3}
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: Two Types of Random Variables

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Probability Distribution for Discrete Random
Variables

The set of ordered pairs (x, f (x)) is a probability function,

probability mass function, or probability distribution of
the discrete random variable X if, for each possible
outcome x,
 􏰅f(x)≥0
 Σf(x) = 1
 P(X=x)=f(x).
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Practice Question

Find the probability distribution for the number of heads

when two coins are tossed
Solution: Let X be the r.v, that denotes the number of
heads. Then the values of x are 0,1,2 and their
probabilities are:
f(0)=P(X=0)=P(T T)=1/4
f(1)=P(X=1)=P(HT,TH)=1/2
f(2)=P(X=2)=P(HH)=1/4
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Practice Question

A shipment of 20 similar laptop computers to a retail outlet

contains 3 that are defective. If a school makes a random
purchase of 2 of these computers, find the probability
distribution for the number of defectives.

Solution: Let X be a random variable whose values x are the

possible numbers of defective computers purchased by the
school. Then x can only take the numbers 0, 1, and 2.
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Practice Question

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 The mean, or expected value, of a discrete 11
random variable is

Mean=E(X)=ΣXP(X)

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Variance of A Discrete Random Variable

Variance=E(X)2-[E(X)]2
= ΣX2P(X)-[ΣXP(X)]2

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Mean of Discrete random variables

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Two dice rolled

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Home Assignment

Find the probability distribution for the number of heads when three
coins are tossed.

Exactly same Slide # 8

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Home Assignment

Number of Heads 0 1 2 3
(X)

Probability f(x) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

Find mean and variance.

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Home Assignment

X 0 1 2
P(X=x) 1/4 1/2 1/2

Find mean and variance

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Q &A

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References

 Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by Ronald E. Walpole,

Raymond H. Myers, Sharon L. Myers and Keying E. Ye, Pearson; 9th Edition
(January 6, 2011). ISBN-10: 0321629116 2
 Walpole, P.E., Myers R.H., Myers S.L. (1998), “Probability and Statistics for
Engineers and Scientists”, 7th Ed. Prentice Hall.
 Introduction to Statistical Theory Part 1,Prof Sher Muhammad Chaudhry

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