EARTHQU

AKE
HAZARDS
 EARTHQUAKE
- The perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth,
resulting from sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust
that creates seismic waves.” (United States Geological
Science – USGS)

Types of Earthquake
1. Tectonic Earthquake – caused by movement of faults and plate
boundaries of the Earth.
2. Volcanic Earthquake – caused by movement of magma beneath
volcanoes
 Describing Earthquakes
1. Intensity – strength of an earthquake based on the
relative effect or damage to people and structures.
2. Magnitude – the measure of the amount of total
energy released at the earthquake’s point of origin.
EARTHQU
AKE
HAZARDS
1. Ground shaking (Vibration)
- Refers to the unsettling ground movements: up, down, and
sideways motion experienced during an earthquake.
2. Ground rupture
- The creation of new movement on old fractures and fault lines.
- It refers to ground cracks which eventually breaks apart.
3. Liquefaction
- Term used when the ground is not hard solid
- Occurs when loose ground sediments mix with groundwater
which results loss of ground strength.
- Eventually, the soil will behave like quicksand
- Structures and living things on this ground will sink
Types of Liquefaction
1. Flow failure - this occurs on steep liquefiable slope ground.
- bocks of overlaying material slide down.
2. Lateral spread - blocks or broken pieces of the flat or very
gentle grounds above liquefied zone spreads laterally.
3. Ground oscillation - due to the flat or nearly flat slope, the
ground is unable to spread so it instead clumps and oscillates
like a wave. Water and wet sand are ejected through the fissures
that form conical-
4. Loss of bearing strength – liquefaction that results to loss of
ground and material strength due to the mixing of liquids with the
solid ground.
– responsible for tilted houses and floating buoyant structures that
are anchored on the liquified zone.
Example of Loss of Bearing Strength Liquefaction
The Leaning Tower of Pisa’s foundation had begun to settle
unevenly on the ground beneath it, a dense mixture of clay, sand
and shells.
Example of Natural signs of an impending hazard (earthquake)

*There may be small quakes, called foreshocks. These can

occur a few seconds to a few weeks before a major quake.

*Ground tilting is caused by the buildup of stress in the rocks.

This may happen before a large earthquake, but it doesn't
always occur.
*Water levels in wells may fluctuate.

* The difference in arrival times of P-waves and S-waves may

decrease just before an earthquake occurs.
EFFECTS OF GROUND
SHAKING
May cause landslides,
mudslides, and
avalanches on steeper
hills or mountains, all of
which can damage
buildings and hurt
people.
EFFECTS OF GROUND
RUPTURE
 EFFECTS OF GROUND
RUPTURE
A fault rupture may break through to the Earth's
surface, deforming the ground and producing deep
ruts, steep banks and lateral displacements. These
ground deformations can cause severe damage to
structures, roads, railways and buried infrastructure,
such as pipelines.
EFFECTS OF
LIQUEFACTION Soil liquefaction has been
known to cause damage to
buildings, bridges, dams,
highways, pipelines, and other
critical elements of
infrastructure. Most liquefaction
damage is associated with
ground failure, permanent
lateral and vertical
deformations.
 ASSESSMENT
In a yellow pad paper, answer the following question:

Scenario: You are the head of an emergency response team in a

region known for seismic activity. A significant earthquake,
measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale, has just struck during the
daytime. You have limited resources and need to make quick
decisions to ensure the safety and well-being of the affected
population.
Question: What immediate actions would you take to respond to
this earthquake, and how would you prioritize your resources and
efforts?
 ASSESSMENT

Earthquake Science (15 points): Write a brief essay explaining

the primary causes of earthquakes, focusing on tectonic plate
movements, faults, and seismic waves. Include at least two
diagrams or illustrations to help illustrate your points.

Impact on Infrastructure (15 points): Describe the potential

damage earthquakes can cause to buildings, bridges, roads, and
utilities. Provide real-life examples of significant earthquake-
related structural damage.
 EN
D
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