Data Collection

Instruments
Questionnaires
There are three structures of making a
questionnaire

1. Structured,
2. Semi-structured, or
3. Unstructured
1. Structured
Closed-ended questions
Easier to code
Easier to interpret objectively
Easier to standardize
2. Unstructured
Open-ended questions
3. Semi-structured
combinations of both
the structured and
unstructured.
Tests
There are two types of test used in
quantitative research:

Standardized
Non-standardized
1. Standardized test
scored uniformly
more reliable and valid
Achievement test, University
Entrance Exam, Personality
Tests
2. Non-standardized test

May not be scored uniformly

It is administered to a certain
set of people
Types of Test
Questions
There are 3 types of test questions

Recall Questions
Recognition Questions
Open-ended Questions
1. Recall Questions
to retrieve information from memory

fill-in-the blank test,

identification test,
enumeration test,
2. Recognition Questions
to select from given choices the best
or correct choice

multiple-choice test, true

or false test,
yes or no test
3. Open-ended Questions
freedom in their responses,
expressing their thoughts and
insights
essay writing tests and other
performance-based tests
Interview
Interview
A quantitative interview is a method of collecting data
about an individual’s behaviors, opinions, values, emotions,
and demographic characteristics using numerical data.
Difference between Quantitative and
Qualitative Interviews
 Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Interviews
It uses closed-ended questions. It uses open-ended questions.

It contains a rating scale or rubric. No rating scale or rubric needed.

Responses are numerical. Responses are non-numerical.

A large sample size is used. Small sample size is used.
Structured type is used to minimize Unstructured, semi-structured, informal
“interviewer effect”, which means interviews, and focus group discussions
that the responses of the participants (FGD) are used.
may be affected by the behavior
displayed by the researcher on the
manner that the questions are
presented.
Difference between Questionnaire and
Quantitative Interviews
 Quantitative Interviews Questionnaires
Items are read to the Participants answer on their own.
participants.
Researchers may ask follow-up Researchers may not ask follow-
questions. up questions.

Useful when the target Not applicable for blind and

participants cant answer a uneducated (no read, no write)
printed or encoded participants.
questionnaire (blind or
uneducated).