METHODOLOGIES

6.1 Measurement, reliability and

validity
6.2 Data Gathering Techniques

Reporter: Mariel A. Cabal

MAED-EA
METHODOLOGY

A methodology is a system of
methods and principles for
doing something, for example
for teaching or for carrying
out a research.
VALIDITY, RELIABILITY AND USABILITY OF
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

 Validity

It is the degree to which a measuring

instrument measures what it intends to
measure.
The validity of a measuring instrument:
 Soundness
 Effectiveness
 Application
KIND OF VALIDITY
1. Content Validity
It is the extent to which the content is truly
representative of the content of the course.

2. Concurrent Validity
It is the degree in which the test agrees or correlates
with a criterion set up as an acceptable measure.

3. Predictive Validity
This is determined by showing how well predictions
are made from the test are confirmed by the valid
information gathered.

4. Construct Validity
It is the extent to which the test measures a theoretical
construct or trait.
RELIABILITY

It is the extent to which a test is dependable, self-

consistent and stable.

Methods of estimating the Reliability of Good

Research Instrument
 Test-retest Method

 Parallel-forms Method

 Split-half Method

 Internal-consistency Method
1. Test-retest Method
 The same research instrument is administered twice to the
same group of subjects and the correlation coefficient is
determined.

2. Parallel-forms Method
 Parallel or equivalent forms of a test may be administered to
the group of subjects, and the paired observations correlated.
“In estimating reliability by the administration of parallel or
equivalent forms of a test criteria parallelism is required.”

3. Split-half Method
 It is administered once, but the test items are divided into two
halves. The common procedure is to divide a test into odd and
even items.

4. Internal-consistency Method
 It is used with psychological tests which consist of
dichotomously scored items. The examinee either passes or
fails in an item. A rating of 1 is assigned for a pass and 0 for a
failure.
USABILITY
 It is the degree to which the research
instrument can be satisfactorily used
by teachers, researchers, supervisors
and school managers without undue
expenditure of time, money, and
effort.
 It can also mean practicability.
Factors that determine
Usability
Ease of administration
Ease of scoring
Ease of interpretation and
application
Low cost
Proper mechanical make-up
Methods of
Data
Collection
1. Primary data collection- it involves the gathering of
data from the respondents through the use of different
techniques such as survey, observation, tests and scales
and experimentation.

Other techniques of collecting primary data are the following:

 1.1Delphi method – is a qualitative process of acquiring

information on issues. It involves forecasting or projecting
trends or outcomes.

 1.2Projective method – the use of standardized

psychological tests such as inkblots, sentence completion
and thematic apperception to probe deeper into the minds,
behavior and attitudes of respondents.

 1.3Unobtrusive method – uses other data sources aside

from individuals. For instance the time record is a source
of information on employee attendance.
2. Secondary data collection – it involves the
acquisition of data from second hand sources like
census reports, financial statements, annual
reports, brochures, catalogues and other
documents and reports.

Conducting A Survey
Survey is the most common method used to gather
opinions, current conditions, preferences, health
care needs, attitudes or any information that
might be useful in any research undertaking. The
survey is the most common way of gathering
data.
Survey Research
 Survey research studies large and small
populations (or sample universe) by selecting and
studying samples chosen from the population.

Types of Survey
1. Personal Interview
2. Panel
3. Telephone Survey
4. The Mail Questionnaire
5.Survey by Electronic mail
How to conduct survey?
The following are steps to be done before
conducting a survey:
1. Start with the objectives of the survey. The
general and specific problems that are to be
solved are as carefully and as completely stated
as possible.
2. List each step to be taken.
3. End with a final report.
What are the steps in conducting a survey
research?
1. Identify the need for the research.
2. Formulate the objectives of the research.
3. Determine the information to be gathered.
4. Identify the method of data collection to be used.
5. Design a sample. Select the respondents to be
included in the study.
6. Design the data collection form. Pretest its
validity and reliability.
7. Revise and finalize the questionnaire.
8.Collect data. Administer the questionnaire.
9.Analyze the data through statistical means.
10.Write the results.
11. Submit the research paper.
Computer-Assisted Survey
 Surveys can be accessed through the computer.

Interview
 Webster (1986) defines the interview as a
meeting in which information is obtained from
the interviewee. It is a face-to-face meeting of
individuals interacting together purposely to get
information regarding a research topic.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW
According to Purpose
Treece, et. al. (1973) classifies the interview
according to purpose as follows:

1. Standard Interview
 This is otherwise known as the formal
interview. This interview uses substantially
uniform and well-established questions without
variation from the interview schedule. This
interview is conducted in the same way as the
other types of interview.

A. Nonstandardized Interview
 This is also known as the informal
interview. This interview involves the use of a
set of questions organized by the interviewer
according to a specific pattern of questions and
the method appropriate to the situation or
condition.

B. Semistandardized Interview
 This interview is the combination of the
standardized and the nonstandardized interviews
with the questions asked by the interviewer
regarding the stated specific problems of the
study.
2. Nondirective Interview
 This type of interview gives liberty to the
interviewees to talk freely on the questions asked
or the topic given by the interviewer.

3. Focused Interview
 This type is also called indepth interview
and is similar to the informal interview. In this
type, the interviewer focuses on asking questions
on specific topics that are to be investigated in-
depth.
According to Format
Interview classified according to format are
(Manuel, 1976):

1. Standardized or Structural Interview

2. Semistandardized or Semistructural
Interview
3. Unstructured or Nonstandardized Interview
According to Style
There are two types of interview according to
style, namely: formal and informal interviews.

Formal Interview
In this type of interview, the interviewer follows
a standard set of questions.

Informal Interview
An informal interview is an interview that takes
place in a casual setting.
Important Points to Consider in the Conduct
of an Interview

 1. Preparing for the Interview

 2. Knowing the appropriate place and time for

the interview.

 3. Developing rapport.

 4. Sustaining the interview.

 5. Recording the Interview.

 6. Closing the interview.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
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