“DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A DUAL BAND

ANTENNA MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR GSM

AND Wi-Fi APPLICATIONS USING SQUARE
EBG STRUCTURES”

By,
Prasanna G Paga
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication,
Nitte Meenakshi Insitute of Technology,Yelahanka,Bangalore-64

Department of ECE, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology 1

 CONTENTS
• Objective of our Project
• Problem Statement
• Literature Review
• Project Outcomes
• Description of our Project
• Flow Diagram
• Software and Hardware Requirements
• Dual Band Antenna Designs
• Results and Discussion
• Fabrication
• Conclusion
• Future Scope
• Publication Plans
• References
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 OBJECTIVE OF OUR PROJECT
• To Design and Simulate a Dual Band Monopole Antenna for GSM
and Wi-Fi applications.
• To study the impact of different performance parameters on the Dual
Band Antenna like Gain, Bandwidth coverage, Return loss.
• To incorporate the Dual Band antenna different EBG structures in
order to enhance the performance of the antenna.
• To study the effect of Gain, Bandwidth, Return loss of the Dual Band
Monopole antenna after the introduction of different EBG structures.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
• Elimination of disadvantages like reduced Gain, Bandwidth and space
constraints caused by single band antennas and to support more
wireless standards using the same antenna.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Chi-Lin Tsai and Chin-Lung Yang [12] proposed Highly Efficient Planar
Monopole Antenna for 1.8/3.3 GHz Dual Band GSM/WiMAX Operations.
Here the antenna is designed in such a way that the lower operating
frequency covers GSM 1800 band and the upper band covers Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) band. The gain of -1.79 to
-1.12dBi and 1.05 to 2dBi was obtained for lower and higher bands
respectively.

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• P.Jithu et al., [3] proposed Dual Band Monopole Antenna Design. Here one
such monopole antenna is designed which covers GSM and ISM bands. The
practical or measured Return loss of -33dB and -35dB was obtained for
GSM band i.e. 900 MHz and ISM band i.e. 2.4 GHz respectively. Also, the
antenna achieved the Gain of 1.40 - 1.64dBi for GSM band and 3.13 -
4.24dBi for ISM band making it suitable for mobile and Wi-Fi applications.

• Nagendra Kushwaha and Raj Kumar [4] proposed Study of different shape
Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structures for Single and Dual band
Applications. Here different EBG structures like Mushroom EBG, Cross
Hair type EBG, Swastik type EBG, Hexagonal Patch type EBG, Hexagonal
Patch with double C Type Slot EBG, Square patch and Fractal type EBG are
designed for single and dual band operations. Proposed EBGs show their
capabilities on how they increase the performance of the antennas.

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• Prasanna Paga et al., [5] proposed Design of a Tri-Band Frequency
Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for GSM UMTS and Wi-Fi applications.
The proposed antenna is designed over FR4 substrate which operates at 0.9 ,
1.8 and 2.4 GHz covering GSM, UMTS and Wi-Fi frequency bands
respectively. Here Rectangular Complementary Split Ring Resonator
(CSRR) is employed which resulted in the gain of 5.3dB, 6.32dB and 8.0dB
for GSM, UMTS and Wi-Fi bands respectively.

• Z. Zakaria et al., [13] proposed Dual Band Monopole Antenna for Energy
Harvesting System. Here the dual band antenna yielded good simulated
Return loss of -27.54dB and -15.96dB for 915MHz and 1800MHz operating
frequencies respectively. Also the Gain of 1.97dB for 900MHz and 3.05dB
for 1800MHz operating frequencies were obtained with the Bandwidth of
124.2MHz and 196.9MHz for the respective frequency bands.

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• Chih-Hao Yang, Lih-Shan Chen [19] proposed A Dual-Band Antenna
Integrated with EBG Structure. Here the antenna is intended to operate in the
wireless local area network i.e. 2.45 and 5 GHz bands. The EBG array
structure reduced the front to back radiation and improved the gain and
radiation efficiency of the antenna. The antenna gain increased from 0.018 to
0.098 dBi at 2.45GHz, and from 0.07 to 0.57 dBi at 5GHz. The radiation
efficiency also increased from 0.006 to 0.029 at 2.45GHz, and from 0.011 to
0.185 at 5GHz.

• S. A. Shelke and V. U. Deshmukh [21] proposed Dual-Band Microstrip

Patch Antenna for Wireless Application. Here Microstrip slotted type patch
antenna is designed which supports IEEE 802.11a WLAN band i.e. 5.10-
5.50 and 5.85-6.25GHz. Slotted type Microstrip patch produced good results
in terms of Return loss, Gain, VSWR and Bandwidth. Return loss was
recorded as -20.45dB for 5.47GHz and -29.59dB for 6.1GHz.

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• Omar Noori et al., [24] proposed Design of a Triple-Band h Slot Patch
Antenna. The designed antenna covered GSM mobile phone system (0.9 and
1.8 GHz) and ISM band which is used for Bluetooth and wireless local area
network band applications.The gain of 8.783dB and 5.863dB was obtained
for 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz bands respectively. And 7.903dB was obtained for
2.4 GHz operating frequency.

• Jayapriya R et al., [32] proposed Design and Simulation of MM Wave

Sierpinski Antenna Loaded with Uniplanar EBG for 5G Applications. Here
the antenna is designed to operate at 29.05 GHz, 35.75 GHz and 41 GHz.
These multi bands are achieved using Sierpinski fractal structure. Here the
EBG cells are designed using Parametric analysis. EBG cells helped to
achieve the peak Gain of 5.37 dB and 14.37 dB in the 28 and 68 GHz bands
respectively.

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 PROJECT OUTCOMES

• Hardware prototype model of dual band monopole antenna with and without
EBG.

• Characterisation of antenna parameters such as Gain, Bandwidth, Return

Loss.

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 DESCRIPTION OF OUR PROJECT

DUAL BAND ANTENNA :

• Antennas which operates at two frequency bands, either one band at a time
or
simultaneously both the bands are called Dual Band Antennas.
Project Deliverables
• The biggest advantage to dual band antennas is their ability to provide a
strong, stable wireless connection in often difficult to reach locations.

• The two most common frequencies used in these antennas are 2.4 GHz
and 5.1 GHz.

• Dual band antenna has a lot of practical applications like mobile devices,
in the field of medicines and many more.

• In this project, we design an antenna which resonates at frequencies 0.9GHz

and 2.4GHz. Department of ECE, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology 10
• In our project, we design an antenna which resonates at frequencies 0.9 GHz
and 2.4 GHz.

• 0.9 GHz frequency band is used for GSM applications like making a phone
call, getting the location, sending or receiving text messages.

• 2.4 GHz frequency is used for Wi-Fi applications where you can send or
receive data wirelessly.

EBG STRUCTURES :

• EBG stands for “Electromagnetic Band Gap” Structures and these structures

falls under the classification of Metamaterials.

• The EBG structures can be defined as the periodic arrangement of dielectric

materials and metallic conductors.

• In general, they can be categorized into three groups based on their

geometric
Department of ECE, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology 11
configuration.
•They are :

1. Three Dimensional Volumetric Structures.

2. Two Dimensional Planar Surfaces.
3. One Dimensional Transmission Lines.

• In our project, we are dealing with Uni-Planar EBG structures which

surrounds the patch of the dual band.

• In Monopole antennas, the Ground plane is less than (λg/4). Because of this
reason, 3-D EBG structures cannot be employed as the vias need to be
connected to the Ground plane.

• We employ different types of Uni-planar EBG structures and analyse the

performance parameters of the antenna with an aim to enhance them.

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 FLOW DIAGRAM

Figure 1 : Flow Diagram for Designing Dual Band Antenna

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 FLOW DIAGRAM

Figure 2 : Flow Diagram for Designing Antenna with EBG structures

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Figure 3 : Top View of the designed Dual Band Monopole Antenna

Figure 4 : Ground Plane View of the designed Dual Band Monopole

Antenna
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 Table 1 : Design parameters of Dual Band Antenna

Dimensions Value (mm)

Length of the substrate, LS 100

Width of the substrate, WS 40

Length of the ground plane, LG 23

Width of the ground plane, WG 40

Width of the feed 3

Length of the patch for 0.9GHz, L0.9 88.9

Length of the patch for 2.4GHz, L2.4 20

Width of the 0.9GHz patch, W 3

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 Design Considerations for Dual Band Monopole Antenna

For 0.9GHz operating frequency,

L0.9 = λg /4 ----------- (1)
For 2.4GHz operating frequency,
L2.4 = λg /4 ----------- (2)
λg = λ0 / √εreff ----------- (3)
where, λg = guide wavelength corresponding to GSM band i.e. 0.9GHz
εreff = Effective permittivity of the substrate
λ0 = Free space wavelength
Wavelength is calculated using the equation , λ = (c / f)
The effective permittivity is calculated using the expression,
----------- (4)

where, εr = relative permittivity

h = thickness of the substrate
W = width of the monopole strip.
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Figure 5 : Return loss (S11) parameter plot for different co-ordinates of 2.4 GHz patch

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• The 4 EBG structures that are designed in our project is shown in Figure 6.

(a)

Figure 6 : Different EBG structures with their dimensions

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• Design of different EBG structure were also based on Parametric Analysis.
• First, we start with 1mm x 1mm EBG and then continue up to
10mm x 10mm.
• We select the dimensions which gives better S11 and go on continuing the
parametric analysis for the selected dimensions, by adding precision values
to it.
• Finally, we arrive at the proper dimensions which produces desired results.
• Also, the placing of EBG structures plays an important role in order to
obtain proper results.
• The Table 2 shows how the parameters affect the antenna’s performance
parameters like resonant frequency and Bandwidth.
• The 4 parameters which affect are:
(a) Patch Width
(b) Gap Width
(c) Substrate Thickness
(d) Substrate Permittivity.

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 Table 2 : Parameters affecting the performance of the antenna

Sl No. Frequency Bandwidth

1 As Patch Width Increases Decreases Narrow

2 As Gap width Increases Increases Wide

3 As Substrate Thickness Decreases Narrow

Increases

4 As Substrate Permittivity Decreases Narrow

Increases

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te of Technology
Top View of Dual Band Antenna with different EBG
structures

Figure 7 : Top View of Dual Band Antenna with Square type EBG structure

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Table 3 : Design Parameters of Dual Band Antenna with Square EBG Structure

Dimensions Value (mm)

Length of the substrate, LS 100
Width of the substrate, WS 40
Length of the ground plane, LG 11.5
Width of the ground plane, WG 40
Width of the feed 3
Length of the patch for 0.9GHz, L0.9 88.9

Length of the patch for 2.4GHz, L2.4 12

Square EBG for 0.9GHz, S1 6.8533

Square EBG for 2.4GHz, S2 2.557

Gap between Patch and EBG, G1 0.9066

Gap width for 2.4GHz, G2 0.34

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Figure 8 : Top View of Dual Band Antenna with Concentric Square type EBG structure

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Table 4 : Design Parameters of Dual Band Antenna with Concentric Square EBG Structure

Dimensions Value (mm)

Length of the substrate, LS 100
Width of the substrate, WS 40
Length of the ground plane, LG 11.5
Width of the ground plane, WG 40
Width of the feed, W 3

Length of the patch for 0.9GHz, L0.9 88.9

Length of the patch for 2.4GHz, L2.4 12

Square EBG for 0.9GHz, S1 6.8533

Square EBG for 2.4GHz, S2 2.557
Gap between Patch and EBG, G1 0.5967
Gap between Concentric squares, g 1.1467
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• We obtained the accurate results in terms of S11 parameter, when the EBG
cell size of 6.8533mm and 2.557mm was selected while performing
parametric analysis
• The Figure 9 shows how the Concentric square EBG antenna parameter is
affected when the cell size and gap width is varied.
• The EBG cell of Concentric Square is shown below along with the notations.
• S1 = EBG cell Patch width for 0.9 GHz
• S2 = EBG cell Patch width for 2.4 GHz.

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Figure 9 : S11 plot of Concentric Square EBG with Width and Gap variation

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Figure 10 : Top View of Dual Band Antenna with Star EBG structure

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Table 5 : Design Parameters of Dual Band Antenna with Star EBG Structure

Dimensions Value (mm)

Length of the substrate, LS 100
Width of the substrate, WS 40
Length of the ground plane, LG 11.5
Width of the ground plane, WG 40
Width of the feed, W 3

Length of the patch for 0.9GHz, L0.9 88.9

Length of the patch for 2.4GHz, L2.4 12

Length of Star EBG, S1 5.114

Width of Star EBG, S2 6.8533
Gap between Patch and EBG, G 0.34
Gap between EBG cells 0.5

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Figure 11 : Top View of Dual Band Antenna with Slotted EBG structure

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Table 6 : Design Parameters of Dual Band Antenna with Slotted EBG Structure
Dimensions Value (mm)

Length of the substrate, LS 100

Width of the substrate, WS 40
Length of the ground plane, LG 11.5
Width of the ground plane, WG 40
Width of the feed 3
Length of the patch for 0.9GHz, L0.9 88.9
Length of the patch for 2.4GHz, L2.4 12

Slotted EBG 6.8533

Gap between Patch and EBG 0.9066

Gap for 0.9GHz 0.34

Gap between EBG cells 0.5

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• Simulated Results of Dual Band Monopole Antenna

Figure 12 (a) : Return Loss plot of the antenna

• The simulated Return loss is -17.9963dB for 0.9GHz and -12.05881dB for 2.4GHz.

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Figure 12 (b) : Radiation Pattern plot of the antenna
The simulated Gain for 0.9 GHz is 6.29939dB.

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Figure 12 (c) : Radiation Pattern plot of the antenna
The simulated Gain for 2.4 GHz is 6.76136dB.

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 1.0039 1.1116 2.3373 2.5774

Figure 12 (d) : Return loss plot to obtain the Bandwidth of 0.9GHz and 2.4GHz operating
frequency.

The simulated Bandwidth coverage for GSM band is 107.7MHz and the same for
Wi-Fi band is 244.1MHz
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• Simulated Results of Dual Band Antenna with Square EBG
Structure

Figure 13 (a) : Return Loss plot of the antenna

• The simulated Return loss is -26.69779dB for 0.9GHz and -25.34154dB for 2.4GHz.

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Figure 13 (b) : Radiation Pattern plot of the antenna
The simulated Gain for 0.9 GHz is 6.39216dB.

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Figure 13 (c) : Radiation Pattern plot of the antenna
The simulated Gain for 2.4 GHz is 7.12689dB.

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 0.9486 1.0341
2.2441 2.5748

Figure 13 (d) : Return loss plot to obtain the Bandwidth of 0.9GHz and 2.4GHz operating
frequency.

The simulated Bandwidth coverage for GSM band is 85.5MHz and the same for
Wi-Fi band is 330.7MHz
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 COMPARISON OF SIMULATED RESULTS

Figure 17 : Return loss plot comparison between without EBG and with Square Shaped EBG
Antenna
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Figure 21 : Comparison of Gains of the designed and simulated antennas

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 Table 7 : Simulated Results of Dual band antenna without EBG structures
Frequency Return loss Gain Bandwidth

0.9 GHz -17.9963dB 6.29939dB 107.7MHz

2.4GHz -12.05881dB 6.76136dB 244.1MHz

Table 7 shows the simulated results obtained for Dual Band Antenna without
EBG structures. From the results, we can infer that the antenna gave a good
Gain and Bandwidth coverage for both GSM i.e. 0.9 GHz and Wi-Fi i.e. 2.4
GHz bands.

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Table 8 : Comparison of parameters for Antenna with different EBG structures

Frequency Square EBG

Return loss 0.9 GHz -26.69779dB

2.4GHz -25.34154dB

Gain 0.9 GHz 6.39218dB

2.4GHz 7.12689dB

Bandwidth 0.9 GHz 85.5 MHz

2.4GHz 330.7 MHz

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• Table 8 shows the comparison of performance parameters of different
antenna with EBG structures.

• From the results obtained, it is evident that the incorporation of EBG

structures on the antennas, enhanced their performance parameters like Gain,
Bandwidth coverage and Return Loss.

• Also, it is evident that, among different EBG structures, Concentric Square

EBG structured Antenna gave better results.

• The designed antenna with enhanced performance parameters, are prone to

serve its purpose in GSM and Wi-Fi applications.

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 Table 9: Comparison Table

Performance Frequency Our Design Reference Reference [3] Reference

Parameters [1] [5]

0.9 GHz -22.02018 dB -23.14 dB -14 dB -16.4 dB

Return Loss
2.4 GHz -27.99521 dB -10.45 dB -23 dB -9.5 dB

0.9 GHz 6.3391 dB 6.23 dB 1.64 dB 5.31 dB

Gain
2.4 GHz 7.10135 dB 5.6 dB 4.24 dB 8.0 dB

0.9 GHz 90.1 MHz 58.4 MHz 113MHz 61 MHz

Bandwidth
2.4 GHz 382.2 MHz 432.5 MHz 360 MHz 50 MHz

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Figure 22 : Return Loss comparison with other Works as referred in Table 9

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Figure 23 : Gain Comparison with other Works as referred in Table 9

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 CONCLUSION

• From the Simulated results and Comparison tables, it is clear that the
designed antennas operates at both the bands i.e. 0.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz with
good performance.
• Also it is evident that Dual band antenna with different EBG structures
enhanced the performance of the antenna when compared to the antenna
without EBG structures.

FUTURE SCOPE
• Designing an antenna in order to support more wireless standards such as
GSM 1800, LTE, Wi-MAX, ZTE and more, which finds its use in Wireless
Communication by eliminating space constraints.
• Introducing different EBG structures around the patch of the antenna in
order to further enhance its performance parameters.

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 PUBLICATION PLANS
• Paper work entitled “Dual Band Monopole Antenna with Concentric Square
Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structure” is accepted by IEEE
International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication
Technologies, 2020.

• Paper work entitled “Dual Band Monopole Antenna with Square

Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structures” is forwarded to IETE Journal
of Research.

• Paper work entitled “Dual Band Monopole Antenna with Concentric Square
Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structure” is forwarded to IETE Journal
of Research.

• Paper work entitled “Dual Band Monopole Antenna with Square

Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structure” is forwarded to Advances in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (AEEE).

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[32] Jayapriya R, Inisha B, Jayashree D, Sreedevi B, “Design and Simulation of MM Wave
Sierpinski Antenna Loaded with Uniplanar EBG For 5GApplications”, International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), March 2019.

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Department of ECE, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
THANK YOU

Department of ECE, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology 51