1.

8 Redox and group VII

Keywords: Anode, Cathode, Salt bridge, Oxidation, Reduction,
Dissociates, Salt Bridge, Voltaic Cell, Electrode
Do Now:
Swap your formative hand warmers method with the person beside you.
Read the rubric and give them feedback.
iv. design a method, design a safe method in which design a complete and safe method design a logical, complete and safe
with limited success. he or she selects materials in which he or she selects method in which he or she selects
and equipment. appropriate materials and appropriate materials and equipment.
❏ No or limited equipment.
risk assessment. ❏ Method is safe. ❏ List of materials is complete.
❏ Method does ❏ List of materials (without ❏ List of materials is complete. ❏ Quantity and size of each material
not allow quantity and size ❏ Quantity and size of each (for measuring instruments) given.
results to specified). material given (for measuring ❏ Appropriate uncertainty of
answer the ❏ Method is not complete instruments). equipment stated.
research but could be used to some ❏ Complete and clear method is ❏ Complete method is included.
question. collect data. included - someone else could ❏ Method is in a clear and logical
❏ Not enough trials for each follow instructions to collect sequence - someone else could easily
value of their independent sufficient data. follow instructions to collect
variable. ❏ Method includes at least 3 sufficient data.
trials. ❏ Method includes at least 3 trials.
❏ Diagram of equipment set up ❏ Diagram of equipment setup could
could be included. be included.
❏ Relevant risk assessment ❏ Relevant risk assessment (stating
(stating risk, prevention and risk, prevention and what if it takes
what if it takes place). place).
❏ Risk assessment should be
referenced from a reliable source if
appropriate.
 1.8 Redox and group VII
Keywords: Anode, Cathode, Salt bridge, Oxidation, Reduction,
Dissociates, Salt Bridge, Voltaic Cell, Electrode
Do Now:
Answer the following questions:
1. Write a word equation for the reaction between Oxygen and Magnesium.
2. The product is bonded by ionic bonding. Identify the charges of the ions formed.
3. How have electrons moved to create these ions?
 1.8 Redox and group VII

● State the usual oxidation states for hydrogen and oxygen.

● Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer.
● Define redox in terms of electron transfer
● Explain how to determine the oxidation state of an atom in a compound.
● Describe the trend in the oxidising ability of the halogens.
 REDOX Reactions

Reactions that involve movement of electrons are known as REDOX

reactions.
 REDOX Reactions

Redox comes from a combination of:

OIL RIG

Reduction (a gain of electrons)

Oxidation (a loss of electrons)

 OILRIG
Oxidation
Is
Loss
(of electrons)
Reduction
Is
Gain
(of electrons)
 Quick Question

Magnesium burning in air

2Mg + O2 ——> 2MgO
Has the magnesium been oxidized or reduced?
2Mg —> 2Mg2+ + 4e-
▪ The magnesium atom LOSES ELECTRONS to become a magnesium ion.
This shows that the magnesium is losing electrons.
 Quick Question

Magnesium burning in air

2Mg + O2 ——> 2MgO
Has the oxygen been oxidized or reduced?

4e- + O2 —> 2O2-

The oxygen gains electrons.
Oxidation and reduction always have to occur together!
 Oxidation Numbers
● For a reaction to be a redox reaction, different reactants have
to be oxidised or reduced.

● To identify these reactants, OXIDATION NUMBERS are

assigned to the reactants and products

● These are also called OXIDATION STATES

 Oxidation Number

The oxidation number is a way of assigning shared electrons to the

atoms that are ‘winning’ them in a bond.

e.g. HCl

Extension - Chlorine is more electronegative, so it has an

oxidation number of -1, representing the extra electron it is
“winning”. Hydrogen is +1.
 Rules for Determining Oxidation State
1. Free elements (Non bonded) are assigned an oxidation state of zero.
2. The sum of the oxidation states of all that atoms in a species must be equal to the net
charge on the species.

3. Group 1 metals are always assigned a charge of +1 and Group 2 metals are always
assigned a charge of +2
4. Halogen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of -1

5. Hydrogen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of +1, unless assigned to a metal

then it is -1.
6. Oxygen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of -2, except for H2O2, where it is -
1.
7. Fluorine in compounds is always assigned an oxidation state of -1 even if it is bonded with
other halogens.
 Why do we do this?

Using oxidation numbers allows us to

ensure the number of electrons are
balanced, and can help us know how a
specific element will bond, especially with
metals that can form ions with different
charges

E.g. Iron (II) Fe2+ or Iron (III) Fe3+

 Assigning oxidation numbers: Rule 1

The oxidation number of an element is 0

0 0
● Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 +
Cu

● The oxidation numbers of Zn and Cu in this reaction are 0.

 Assigning oxidation numbers: Rule 2
The oxidation number of all atoms in a compound is zero
+1 -1
The sum of the oxidation numbers for NaCl is 0
● (+1) + (-1) = 0

+2 +4 -2
The sum of the oxidation numbers for CaCO3 is 0
● (+2) + (+4) + 3(-2) = 0
 Assigning oxidation numbers: Rule 2
Extension - the sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a
polyatomic ion equals the charge in the ion
-2 +1
e.g. in the hydroxide ion (OH-) the oxidation number of oxygen is -2
anad the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1

● -2 + (+1) = -1

● The overall charge on the hydroxide ion is -1

 Assigning oxidation numbers: Rule 3
Group 1 metals are always assigned a charge of +1 and Group 2 metals
are always assigned a charge of +2
+1 +2
LiOH MgO

+1 +2
NaBr CaCl2

+1 +2
KCl MgS
 Assigning oxidation numbers: Rule 4
Halogen in compounds is assigned an oxidation state of -1

-1 -1
LiCl MgBr2

-1 -1
NaBr CaCl2

-1
KI
 Assigning oxidation numbers: Rule 5
The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 (except when bonded with a
metal it is -1)

+1 +1 +1
H2O HCl CH4

-1
▪ In NaH is has an oxidation number of -1
 Assigning oxidation numbers: Rule 6
The oxidation number of oxygen is -2

-2 -2 -2
MgO Fe2O3 Na2O
 Assigning oxidation numbers: Rule 7
Extension - Fluorine in compounds is always assigned an oxidation
state of -1 even if it is bonded with other halogens.

-1 -1 -1
IF ClF IF
 Problems:

1. What is the oxidation number of oxygen in O2?

2. What is the oxidation number of sodium in NaCl?
3. What is the oxidation number of iron in Fe2O3?
4. What is the oxidation number of chromium in CrO3?

Extension (OH)- has an oxidation number of -1.

5. What is the oxidation number of gallium in Ga(OH)3?
6. What is the oxidation number of phosphorous in PO43-
 Problems:

1. What is the oxidation number of oxygen in O2? 0

2. What is the oxidation number of sodium in NaCl? +1
3. What is the oxidation number of iron in Fe2O3?
+3
4. What is the oxidation number of chromium in CrO3? +6

Extension (OH)- has an oxidation number of -1.

5. What is the oxidation number of gallium in Ga(OH)3? +3
6. What is the oxidation number of phosphorous in PO43- +5
 Determining Oxidation and Reduction

Remember: OILRIG
If an atom has lost electrons, it has been oxidized.
If an atom has gained electrons, it has been reduced.

Which element has been reduced, and which has been

oxidized?
Mg + Cl2 MgCl2
 Practice Problems
In the reactions below, which element is being
oxidised and which reduced?
0 0 +2 -2

1. +1 +1
2Ca +0 O2 +1 -1 0
2CaO
2. 2NaBr
0
++3 Cl-22 0 +3 -2
2NaCl +
Br2
3. 2Al + Fe2O3 2Fe + Al2O3
 Practice:
-Complete Practice Problem

Extension Video and Extra Questions:

Online Redox Problems
 The Halogens
1. What group of the Periodic Table are known as the Halogens?
2. What are the chemical properties of halogens?
3. As you go down the group, what happens in terms of their melting and boiling
points? Is this the same or different from the alkali metals trend?
4. Copy and the table below. Complete table using research.

Colour at
Melting Boiling point State at
Element Symbol Room Temp
point °C °C Room Temp
Fluorine -219 -188 Gas Yellow
Chlorine -34
Br -7 59 Liquid Brown
Iodine 113
 The Halogens
1. What group of the Periodic Table are known as the Halogens? Group 7/17
2. What are the chemical properties of halogens? Very reactive as have 7 valence electrons.
Form salts with metals. Bond together covalently.
3. As you go down the group 7, what happens in terms of their melting and boiling points? Is this the
same or different from the alkali metals trend? Melting and boiling increase as you go up the
group (opposite to alkali).
4. Copy and the table below. Complete table using research.

Colour at
Melting Boiling point State at
Element Symbol Room Temp
point °C °C Room Temp
Fluorine F -219 -188 Gas Yellow
Chlorine Cl -101 -34 Gas Green
Br -7 59 Liquid Brown
Iodine I 113 184 Solid Dark Grey
 The Halogens Reactivity Trend
The halogens get more reactive as you go up the group.
So which is more reactive than chlorine?
• Halogens become darker are move from gas to solid down the group
• A halogen higher on up the group will displace (is more reactive)
than one lower down
 Displacement Reactions
Displacement reactions occur when a more reactive substance “bumps”
a less reactive one out of a compound.

Ms Mr Iron Ms Ms Mr Iron Ms
Iodide Chlorine Chloride Iodine

Iron Iodide + Chlorine → Iron Chloride + Iodine

 Complete the table with your predictions
Will a potassium chloride potassium bromide potassium iodide
solution solution solution
displacement
occur?

chlorine

bromine

iodine
 Will a potassium chloride potassium bromide potassium iodide
solution solution solution
displacement
occur?

chlorine water Displacement reaction: Displacement reaction:

Forms potassium chloride Forms potassium chloride
and bromine and iodine

bromine water No displacement Displacement reaction:

Forms potassium bromide
and iodine

iodine water No displacement No displacement

 Show what you know!
a) Will happen. Fluorine will
displace chlorine.
b) No Reaction
0 +1-1 +1-1 0
c) Will happen. Bromine will F2 (g) + 2KCl(s) → 2KF(s) + Cl2(g)
displace less reactive iodine
d) Will happen. Chlorine will
displace less reactive
bromine. 0 +1-1 +1-1 0
Br2 (g) + 2NaI(s) → 2NaBr(s) + I2(s)
0 +1-1 +1-1 0
Cl2 (g) + 2NaBr(s) → 2NaCl(s) + Br2(s)

Q2. For chemical examples - write symbol

equations and identify which element has been
oxidized and redacted.