INDUSTRY 4.

0: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

Dr. Shirsendu Mitra

Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering
School of Technology
Pandit Deendayal Energy University Gandhinagar

Dr. Rajat & Dr. Garima LECTURE 28 1

 OVERVIEW

 Quick Recap
 Introduction to Biosensors
 Working of Biosensors
 Types and Applications
 Introduction to Bionanotechnology
 Application of nanotechnology
 Nanomedicine and its applications
 Implications of nanotechnology

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QUICK RECAP: Video 1

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 Definition

• A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of

an analyte, that combines a biological component with a
physicochemical detector.

OR

• A sensor that integrates a biological element with a

physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal
proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a
detector.
• Father of Biosensors Leland C. Clark

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Biosensor System Component and Working

Detector
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 Types Of Biosensors

• Electrochemical biosensor
• Optical biosensor
• Thermal biosensor
• Resonant biosensor
• Ion-sensitive biosensor

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 Electrochemical biosensor

• Principle:
– Many chemical reactions produce or consume ions or electrons which in turn
cause some change in the electrical properties of the solution which can be
sensed out and used as measuring parameter.

• Classification:
– Amperometric Biosensors
– Conductimetric Biosensors
– Potentiometric Biosensors

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 Amperometric Biosensors

• The high sensitivity biosensor can detect electroactive

species present in biological test samples.
• Since the biological test samples may not be
intrinsically electro-active, enzymes are needed to
catalyze the production of radio-active species.
• In this case, the measured parameters is current.

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 Conductometric Biosensors

• The measured parameter is the electrical conductance

resistance of the solution.
• When electrochemical reactions produce ions or electrons,
the overall conductivity or resistivity of the solution changes.
This change is measured and calibrated to a proper scale
(Conductance measurements have relatively low sensitivity).
• The electric field is generated using a sinusoidal voltage (AC)
which in minimizing undesirable effects such as Faradaic
process, double layer charging and concentration polarization.

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 Potentiometric biosensors

• In this type of sensor the measured parameter is oxidation or

reduction potential of an electrochemical reaction.
• The working principle relies on the fact that where a ramp
voltage is applied to an electrode in solution, a current flow
occurs because of electrochemical reactions.
• The voltage at which these reaction occurs indicate a
particular reaction and particular species.

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 Thermal detection biosensors
• This type of biosensor work on the fundamental properties of biological
reactions, namely absorption or production of heat , which in turn
changes the temperature of the medium in which the reaction takes place.
• They are constructed by combining immobilized enzymes molecules with
the temperature sensors. When the analyte comes in contact with the
enzyme is measured and is calibrated against the analyte concentration.
• The total heat produced or absorbed is proportional to the molar enthalpy
and the total number of molecules in the reaction.
• The measurement of the temperature is typically accomplished via a
thermistor, and such devices are known as enzyme thermistors. Their high
sensitivity to thermal changes makes thermistor ideal for such
applications.
• Unlike other transducers, thermal biosensors do not need frequent
recalibration and are insensitive to the optical and electrochemical
properties of the sample.
• Common applications of this type of biosensors includes the detection of
pesticides and pathogenic bacteria.
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Thermal detection biosensors

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 Optical detection biosensor

• The output transduced signal that is measured is light for this

type of biosensor.
• The biosensor can be made based on optical diffraction. In
optical diffraction based devices, a silicon wafer is coated with
a protein via covalent bonds. The wafer is exposed to UV light
through a photo-mask and the antibodies become inactive in
the exposed regions. When the diced wafer chips are
incubated in an analyte, antigen-antibody bindings are formed
in the active regions , thus creating a diffraction grating. This
grating produces a diffraction signal when illuminated with a
light source such as laser. The resulting signal can be
measured.

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 Ion sensitive biosensor
• These are semiconductor FETs having an ion-sensitive surface.
• The surface electrical potential changes when the ions and semiconductor
interact. (This change in the potential can be subsequently measured).
• The Ion sensitive Fielf Effect Transistor (ISFET) can be constructed by
covering the sensor electrode with a polymer layer. This polymer layer is
selectively permeable to analyte ions. The ions diffuse through the
polymer layer and in return cause a change in the FET surface potential.

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 BIOSENSORS : VIDEO 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W95w3D2ZtUk

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Applications

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 Infectious Disease Biosensor
• Data analysis and interpretation performed by a microprocessor.
• The DNA capture element instrument- for hereditary diseases.

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 INTRODUCTION TO BIONANOTECHLOGY

 Nanotechnology : It involves research and technology

development at the atomic, molecular or macro-molecular level
in the length scale of approximately 1 to 100 nm range.
 Biotechnology : Biotechnology is the use of biological
processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products
intended to improve the quality of human life.
 The interface of these two worlds lies Nanobiotechnology
– It uses nanotechnology to analyse and create biological
nanosystems
– It uses biological materials and structural plans to produce
technical, functional nanosystems

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 NANOMATERIALS

• Nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials with an

average grain size less than 100 nanometers.

• Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are materials created by manipulation of

matter at the nanoscale to produce new materials, structures, and devices.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS

Nanomaterials are classified according to the length scale of each of its

dimension:
• 0 D : all three dimensions in the nanoscale (nanoparticles)
• 1 D : two dimension in nanoscale and one in macroscale ( nanofibers,
nanowires)
• 2 D : one dimensions in nanoscale and the other two in the macroscale
( nano sheets, thin films)
• 3 D : no dimensions at the nanoscale, all are in the macroscale
(nanostructures with nanomaterials

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 NANO PARTICLES

 Nanoparticles are the particles of size between 1 nm to

100nm range).
 Nanometer - One billionth (10-9) of a meter
The size of Hydrogen atom 0.04 nm
The size of Proteins ~ 1-20 nm
Feature size of computer chips 180 nm
Diameter of human hair ~ 10 µm

 At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological

properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable
ways from the properties of individual atoms and
molecules or bulk matter

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NANO-SCALE EFFECTS ON PROPERTIES

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APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES AND
NANOMATERIALS

Application domain lies in fields such as:

o Medicine/Health : Nanomedicine
o Food & agriculture
o Biotechnology
o Information Technology
o Mechanical Engineering & Robotics
o Advance materials & textiles
o Energy and Environment
o National Security & Defense
o Aerospace

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 MOLECULAR IMAGING USING NANOPROBES

 Molecular imaging is a technique

for quantifying physiological
changes in vivo using imaging
probes, or beacons, which can be
detected noninvasively.
 Nanoprobes can be used to image
specific cells and tissues within a
whole organism.
 They provides a method for
 Studying the underlying
mechanism of disease.
 Information on the progression
of disease or
 Response to treatment.
 APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES IN DIAGNOSIS

 Silver nanorods in a diagnostic system

are being used to separate viruses,
bacteria and other microscopic
components of blood samples.
 Gold nanoparticles that have antibodies
attached can provide quick diagnosis
of flu virus.
 Carbon nanotubes and gold Silver nanorods Gold nanoparticles
nanoparticles are being used in a sensor
that detects proteins indicative of oral
cancer.
 Magnetic nanoparticles attach to
particles in the blood stream called
microvesicles which originate in brain
cancer cells are used for early Nanotubes Magnetic nanoparticles
diagnosis of brain cancer.

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 APPLICATION (continues)

Drug Delivery
 It is the method or process of administering pharmaceutical
compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans or animals.
 The use of nanoparticles allows one to change the
pharmacokinetic properties of the drug without changing the
active compound.

 Types of nanoparticle based drug delivery systems –

o Metal based nanoparticles: Au, Ag, Cd-Se, Zn-S etc
o Lipid based nanoparticles: Liposome and Neosome based…
o Polymer based nanoparticles: Dendrimer, Micelle
o Biological Nanoparticles: Bovine - albumin serum based…

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 APPLICATION (continues)

Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery - Cancer:

 Because of their small sizes, nanoparticles are taken by cells where large particles
would be excluded or cleared from the body
1) A nanoparticle carries the pharmaceutical
agent inside its core, while its shell is
functionalized with a ‘binding’ agent

2) Through the ‘binding’ agent, the ‘targeted’

nanoparticle recognizes the target cell.
The functionalized nanoparticle shell
interacts with the cell membrane

3) The nanoparticle is ingested inside the

cell, and interacts with the biomolecules
inside the cell

4) The nanoparticle particles breaks, and the

pharmaceutical agent is released

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 VIDEO 2: CANCER DRUG DELIVERY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFU5Qx-cLu8
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 APPLICATION (continues)

Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery - Heart Disease:

 Nanoparticle uses a protein to attach to damaged regions of arteries.
This allows drugs to be applied directly to the damaged portion of the
artery.

 The clot busting drug was attached to a cluster of nanoparticles that

break apart in regions of turbulent blood flow, like that found when a
blood flow is restricted by a clot.
 Nanoparticles containing iron oxide that allows the nanoparticles to be
directed, by a magnetic field, to stents. This could allow drugs to be
delivered directly to stents placed in arteries.
 Polymer nanoparticles that home in on inflamed tissue such as arterial
plaque and dissolve.
 Nanoparticles for drug delivery can be metal-, polymer-, or lipid-based.

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IMPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

 Health and safety issues

 Nanoparticles can cause serious
illness or damage human body.
 Untraceable destructive
weapons of mass destruction.

 Social & Political issues

 Creates social strife through
increasing wealth gap
 Advisability of increasing
scope of the technology creates
political dilemma

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