ANA 407

GROUP 5 PRESENTATION
MEMBERS

 AJE TOLUWALASE
 AMOO ANTONIA
 OGUNBADEJO OPEYEMI
OUTLINE

 THE HEART
 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
 STUCTURES IN THE HEART
 CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART
 THE GREAT VESSELS
 PATHWAY OF THE HEART VESSELS
 TYPES OF CIRCULATION
 FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
 CLINICAL CORRELATES
INTRODUCTION

 It is the primary organ of the circulatory system

 It is a fist-sized organ that pumps blood throughout the body
 It has four chambers
 It is a muscular organ found in the midline of the thoracic cavity
 It mainly constitutes the circulatory system
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

 THE ATRIA
 They consist of the 2 upper chambers which receives blood
 THE VENTRICLES
 They consist of the 2 lower chambers which discharge blood
STRUCTURES IN THE HEART

 EPICARDIUM- outermost layer of the heart; composed of mesothelial cells, fat

and connective tissues
 MYOCARDIUM- thickest layer and main constituent of the heart; comprises of
cardiomyocytes which enable heart contractions
 ENDOCARDIUM- innermost layer, lines inner surface of heart chambers and
valves. It consists of 2 layers; a layer of endothelial cells, and a layer of
subcardaial connective tissue.

 The heart also consists of 4 surfaces, 2 borders and an apex

CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART

 The sinoatrial node

 The atrioventricular node
 The bundle of His
THE GREAT VESSELS

 The great vessels are called great due to their large size.
 They consist of the large arteries and veins directly connected to the heart
 They are found in the middle mediastinum
 They include:
 Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
 Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
 Root of the Aorta
PATHWAY OF THE HEART VESSELS

 The venae cavae return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart
emptying it into the right atrium
 The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to
the lungs for oxygenation
 The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left
atrium
 The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart into
sytemic circulation
TYPES OF CIRCULATION

 Systemic Circulation is the movement of blood from the heart through the
body to provide oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the bodyThe blood is
then pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left
ventricle, blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into the aorta, the
body’s largest artery. The aorta arches and branches into major arteries to
the upper body before passing through the diaphragm, where it branches
further into the illiac, renal, and suprarenal arteries which supply the lower
parts of the body.
TYPES OF CIRCULATION

 Pulmonary Circulation is the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs
for oxygenation, then back to the heart again. Oxygen-depleted blood from
the body leaves the systemic circulation when it enters the right atrium
through the superior and inferior venae cavae. The blood is then pumped
through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle,
blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery.
The pulmonary artery splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries and
travel to each lung.
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART

 Pumps blood
 Controls heart rate
 Maintains blood pressure
 Pumping hormones and other vital substances
 Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from
the body and pumping it to the lungs for oxygenation.
CLINICAL CORRELATES

 Aortic stenosis is a type of heart disease where the valve becomes narrow
and does not open properly
 An aneurysm is a dilation (expansion) of an artery, which is greater than 50%
of the normal diameter. An aortic aneurysm is due to an underlying weakness
of the walls (such as Marfan’s syndrome), or a pathological process (such as
aortic dissection).
 The main concern with an aortic aneurysm is rupture of the aorta, which if
not treated, will lead to death.
CLINICAL CORRELATES

 Cardiac Tamponade
 The relatively inextensible fibrous pericardium can cause problems when
there is an accumulation of fluid, known as pericardial effusion, or blood
within the pericardial cavity.
 The rigid pericardium cannot expand, and thus the heart is subject to the
resulting increased pressure. The chambers can become compressed, thus
compromising cardiac output.
 It is also caused by myocardial rupture or inflammation of the pericardium
(pericarditis)
 Solution: Pericardiocentesis (a procedure to drain the fluid from the
pericardial cavity)
CLINICAL CORRELATES

 Ischemic heart disease: a group of pathological conditions in which there is

imbalance in oxygen supply and demand. The several types include:
 Angina Pectoris:mild, reversible ischemia without necrosis. The pain is mild
and diffused;it goes away after bedrest
 Myocardial infarction: severe and long ischemia with necrosis
 Sudden cardiac death: causes dysrhythmia and eventual death
 Chronic ischemic heart disease: occurs over a prolonged period. It can lead to
heart failure
CLINICAL CORRELATES

 Mitral Valve Collapse- occurs when papillary muscles lose their attachment to
the ventricular wall due to myocardial infarction
 Also caused by immunological response to infections on the tendinous cords.
The immune cells in their bid to ward off and destroy the pathogens can end
up destroying part of the tendinous cords
 Mitral valve collapse can lead to a backflow of blood from the ventricles into
the left atrium, whicch will push blood back into the lungs and increase.As
the weakest point in the pulmonary circulation is the pulmonary
capillaries,increased pressure will lead to the oozing of the fluid into the
lungs making the lungs boggy (wet lung/pulmonary edema) causing difficulty
in breathing (dyspnea)
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