Local and Humoral control of

blood flow
 Local Control of Blood Flow
 Each tissue controls its own blood flow in proportion
to its needs.
 Tissue needs include:
1) delivery of oxygen to tissues
2) delivery of nutrients such as glucose, amino
acids, etc.
3) removal of carbon dioxide hydrogen and other
metabolites from the tissues
4) transport various hormones and other substances
to different tissues
 Flow is closely related to metabolic rate of tissues.

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 Acute control of blood flow
 If the metabolism of tissues increases the
blood flow increases in sec.

 There are 2 theories

▸vasodilator theory.
▸Oxygen demand theory.
Vasodilator Theory for Acute
Local control of Blood Flow
 According to this theory, the greater the rate
of metabolism or less the availability of
oxygen, greater the rate of formation
of vasodilator substances in the tissue
cells. The vasodilator substances then,
diffuse through the tissues to the precapillary
sphincters, metarterioles, and arterioles to
cause dilation.
,
 Some of the different vasodilator
substances that have been
suggested are adenosine, carbon
dioxide, adenosine phosphate
compounds, histamine, potassium
ions, and hydrogen ions.
 Vasodilator Theory for Blood
Flow Control
 Local Vasodilators: Adenosine, CO2, Lactic acid, ADP
compounds, Histamine, K+ ions, H+ ions,
Prostacyclin, Bradykinin, and Nitrous oxid (NO)

TISSUE RELEASE OF
METABOLISM VASODILATORS

ARTERIOLE
RESISTANCE

BLOOD
FLOW
7
Oxygen demand Theory for
Local Blood Flow Control.
Oxygen is required to cause vascular muscle
contraction. Increased utilization of oxygen
in the tissues as a result of increased
metabolism theoretically could decrease
the availability of oxygen to the smooth
muscle fibers in the local blood vessels, and
this, would cause local vasodilatation.
Oxygen Demand Theory for
local Blood Flow Control

TISSUE METABOLISM TISSUE

OR OXYGEN
OXYGEN DELIVERY CONCENTRATION
TO TISSUES

ARTERIOLE
RESISTANCE

BLOOD
FLOW
9
Hyperemia. Increased blood flow is called
hyperemia.
 Active Hyperemia: When tissue become highly
active, its blood flow increases, this is called
active hyperemia

 Reactive Hyperemia: When blood flow to a

tissue is blocked and then after sometime
unblocked. Blood flow in that tissue
increases.this is called reactive hyperemia
 Reactive hyperemia

 Thus, if the period of occlusion was of some

seconds, the high blood flow after occlusion
is removed will be near seconds, but if it was
per hours the high blood flow after removing
the occlusion will be near an hour.
 Autoregulation of local blood flow when
arterial pressure changes.

 Metabolic theory suggests that as arterial

pressure is increased oxygen or nutrient
delivery is increased, resulting in washout of
vasodilator substances, thus both of these
effects cause the blood vessel to constrict.

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 Myogenic theory
when high arterial pressure stretches the
vessel, this in turn causes reactive vascular
constriction that reduces blood flow nearly
back to normal. Conversely, at low pressures,
the degree of stretch of the vessel is less, so
that the smooth muscle relaxes and allows
increased flow.
Long term control of local
blood flow
Long term control of local blood
flow
2 main mechanism

 Angiogenesis

 Collateral circulation
 Angiogenesis
 Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels.
 Angiogenesis occurs in response to angiogenic
factors released from:
1) ischemic tissue
2) rapidly growing tissue
3) tissue with high metabolic rates
 Most angiogenic factors are small peptides such as
vascular endothelial cell growth factors VEGF),
(fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and angiogen.

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 Steps of Angiogenesis

 Ischemic cell releases

angiogenic factors that
promote proliferation of
endothelial cells.
 Steps of Angiogenesis
 Rapidly proliferating endothelial cells fold
over each other to form a tube.

 Finally, through the process of

anastomosis,this tube connect with other
tube budding from another donner vessel,
resulting in a continuous blood flow.
 Smooth muscle eventually invade the wall.
Angiogenic factors
1.Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
2.Fibroblast growth factor 3. Angiogenin,
each of which has
been isolated from tissues that have
inadequate blood supply. Presumably, it is
deficiency of tissue oxygen or other
nutrients, or both, that leads to formation of
the vascular growth factors.
ANTIANGIOGENIC FACTORS
a. Angiostatin fregment of plasminogen
protein.
b. Endostatin derived from break down of
collagen type XVII
These 2 have role to decrease blood supply of
cancer cells
 Collateral circulation
 When an artery or a vein is blocked in any
tissue of the body, a new vascular channel
usually develops around the blockage and
allows at least partial resupply of blood to
the affected tissue.
 Humoral regulation of the
circulation
Humoral control of the circulation
means control by substances
secreted or absorbed into the
body fluids—such as hormones
and ions.
A) Vasoconstrictor agents
B) Vasodilator agents
 Vasoconstrictor agents

A) Norepinephrine and epinephrine

B) Vasopressin
C) Angiotensin II
D) Endothelin
 Vasodilator agents
A) Bradykinin
B) Serotonin
C) Porstaglandins
D) Histamin
E) Nitric oxide
 Vascular Control by Ions and Other
Chemical Factors
 1. An increase in calcium ion concentration causes
Vasoconstriction. Effect of calcium to stimulate
smooth contraction.
 2. An increase in potassium ion concentration
causes vasodilation. the ability of potassium ions
to inhibit smooth muscle contraction.
 3. An increase in magnesium ion concentration
causes powerful vasodilatation because
magnesium ions inhibit smooth muscle
contraction.
 4. An increase in hydrogen ion concentration
(decrease in pH) causes dilation of the arterioles.
 Vascular Control by Ions and Other
Chemical Factors

 5. Anions that have significant effects on blood

vessels are acetate and citrate, both of which cause
mild degrees of vasodilatation.
 6. An increase in carbon dioxide concentration
causes moderate vasodilatation in most tissues, but
marked vasodilatation in the brain. Also,
carbon dioxide in the blood, acting on the brain
vasomotor center, has an extremely powerful
indirect effect, transmitted through the sympathetic
nervous vasoconstrictor system, to cause
widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body.
Thank You

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