Computer Programming I

This course is an introduction to Computer

Course Code CoSc 1012 To p i c
Science and Computer Programming I Using
C++

Definition ,Character, type and component of

b Credit Hour 4 computer,Introduction
How to represent number?
Computer

Assessment method Procedural, Structured and object-oriented.

Problem solving, algorithm
Introduction designing, and
to programming
Test, Lab exam/ Project, Final exam modeling logic
; Keywords, Identifiers, Inputs, Outputs,
Comments, Parts of a program; Data Types,
Text Book you can refer any book and website Basic C++
Variables, and Constants
Keywords, Identifiers, Inputs, Outputs, Comments,
Parts of a program; Data Types, Variables, and Constant

Instructor Abdurahman Jemal Saliya If Statement, Do while, do ,For

Control Statement

Follow any update through telegram channel Array Definition: Array referencing; one
Arrays and String Manipulation
dimensional and multidimensional arrays
 Overview of computer
o The name computer means,
STE STE
“to compute”
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o A computer is an electronic
device that accepts data,
performs
STE computations, and . STE

02 logical decisions
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makes 05
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according to instructions
that have been given to it;
STE
then
STEproduces meaningful .

03
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information in a form that is 06
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useful to humans.
BUSINESS
Characteristics
STARTUP of Computer
Write a Plan
so fast The degree of accuracy very high. If garbage input garage
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A computer so fast
Memory Accuracy
Speed No lack of concentration, tired
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Diligence
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Perform different type task
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Versatility

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Set Business Goals

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 Historical Development of Computer
o A computer is a machine that
works with data and information in
the form of numbers.
o People have invented and continue to
invent things that help them count.
o Caveman counted with the only
counting tools they knew, their
fingers and toes.
o The oldest known objects used to
represent numbers were bones with
notches carved into them.
o People used these counting tools to
count their possessions and also to
keep
o Together with the development
of people, the need to calculate and
keep track of information had
become popular issue.
o So they soon develop a simple
computing device that had a power
of storing small information.
o But many thousands of years
elapsed before developing
mechanical calculator.
o Some of the calculating devises that
were used during the early centuries
are: Abacus
 The Abacus:
:
o The earliest mechanical computational
device.
o Used in Middle East as early as 2500 BC.
o Composed of a frame and a number of wires.
o The wires correspond to position of digits in a
decimal number units (tens, hundreds & so
on) and the drops represent digits.
 Pascal’s calculator

o It is the first true mechanical Page 03

calculator.
o Developed by Blaise Pascal
o He built largely to assist his father Page 04

Page 05

Page 06

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 BUSINESS Different
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Different Engine/Chales
Babbage
o It is the forerunner of the modern computer. Find Investors
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today’s computer).
o Has the power of calculation and print the out- put
with out human intervention.
o He finally designed significantly improved version Marketing Research
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Analytic engine.
.

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 Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machine
o Was statistician
o Develop his machine commissioned by the
U.S. Census Bureau to develop a
technique for speeding up the processing
of census data that took at least 8 years
before.
o This machine processes the 1890
American census data with in 3 years.
o It was really a great development.
o He finally began the tabulating Machine
Company, which later becomes the (IBM)
International Business Machine
Corporation
 Mark I:

o Developed by Howard Aiken at

Harvard university
o first electromechanical computer.
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer):

o Developed by Eckert and Mauchly at

the university of Pennsylvania.
o First electronic calculator and first
general purpose digital computer.
o Didn’t use internally stored
programs. Programs were wired on
boards similar to a telephone switch
board.
o One of the major drawbacks was that
it had to be programmed manually
by setting switches and plugging and
unplugging cables.
 The Von Neumann Machine:

o Von Neumann was a consultant on ENIAC

project.
o He forward the stored program concept.
o Based on this concept, the first true
electronic computers were developed by
the name: EDVAC( Electronic Discrete
Variable Computer) and
EDSAC( Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer).plugging and
unplugging cables.
BUSINESSGeneration
STARTUP of Computers Write a Plan
Characteristics that distinguish generations of a computer are:
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operating system Electronic circuit

Multi-purpose , Single Purpose Find Investors
• Vacuum Tube
• Transistor
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• LSIC
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• VLSIC
storage media
Memory access time • Upchucked Card
Time to take save or
retrieve data or
information from memory
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• Magnetic drum/Disk/Core
• RAM/ROM/Cache memory
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Floppy Disk/CD/DVD
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• Optical/Magnetic Disk

Exampe language
ENIAC, UNIVAC1, • Machin/low level
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• Assembly
• High level
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 First Generation of Computers
o Used vacuum tubes as components for the
electronic
STE circuit.
o Punched
01
P cards were the main source of inputs,
and magnetic grams were used for internal
storage.
o Operate in a speed of milliseconds (thousands
of a second) and could handle more than
10,000 additions each second.
o Most applications were scientific
calculations.
o Programming language – machine language
o Power – consume a lot of electricity and
generate a lot of heat
o Speed and size – very slow and very large in
size (often taking up entire room).
 Second Generation of Computers

TransistorsSTEwere the main circuit components.

01P
Programming language – assembly language
Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk
Power and size – low power consumption, generated
less heat, and smaller in size (in comparison with the
first generation computers).
Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in
comparison with the first generation computers)
Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic
tape.
 Third Generation of Computers

Characterized by solid-state logic and IC (Integrated

circuit). STE
01P
New input/output
plotters.
methods such as optical scanning and

Sophisticated operating systems, improved programming

languages
Programming language – high level language
(FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc
Input / output devices – New input/output method
discover such us Optical Scanning, Plotter ,magnetic
tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.
Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in
comparison with the second generation computers).
Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second
generation computers (they were called minicomputers).
 Forth Generation of Computers

STEelectronic component – very large-scale

o Main
01
P
integration (VLSI) and microprocessor.
o VLSI– thousands of. transistors on a single
microchip
o Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM,
ROM, etc.)
o Programming language – high level language
(Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.).
o Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than
third generation computers.
o Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and
reliability (in comparison with the third generation
computers).
o Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing
devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.
o Network – a group of two or more computer
systems linked together.
 ain electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses
STE
e Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and
01 P
rallel processing method.
LSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
arallel processing method – use two or more microprocessors
run tasks simultaneously.
anguage – understand natural language (human language).
ower – consume less power and generate less heat.
peed – Remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and
iability (in comparison with the fourth generation computers).
ze – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity.
put / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad
r touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognize voice /
eech), light scanner, printer, etc.
xample – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.
BUSINESSGeneration
STARTUP of Computers Write a Plan
Disadvantage of each Generation Computer
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1St Generation
3 Generation
rd
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• Production and Maintenance of IC
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2nd Generation
4 Generation
th
• Require cooling system
• The construction VLSIC and
Microprocessor was complex
and require high sophisticated
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• The cost is very high

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5th
• Increase Unemployment
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• Increase Cybercrime
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BUSINESS STARTUP
Types of computers Write a Plan
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Based on method
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Analog
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o They deal with continues The o They operate by counting rather
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than measuring.
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o They operate directly up on
o They operate by measuring Analog Marketing Research
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Your computers
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o E.g. Thermometer, Voltmeter, Combine o NB. Digital computers have
Speedometer Together higher accuracy and speed than
the analog ones.
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 Based onSTARTUP
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Special/ General
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o They are designed to solve a o TheyThis
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variety of problems through the
single type of problem,
o Their components and function use of “stored program
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o It is more flexible and versatile.
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o Examples:- Micro computers, -
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o Example Public telephone, Mini computers, Super
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Traffic control system, ATM computers etc
machine…..

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BUSINESS STARTUP
Based on Size, Speed, Capacity, Write
and Cost
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Super Computer
3rd Generation
• Require Cooling system
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• Generate too much heat and require cooling
• Production and Maintenance system
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2nd Generation
4 Generation
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• Increase Unemployment
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 Based on size, cost, capacity
and performance

Super Computer
o Extremely fast that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions
per second.
o It used for Weather forecasting, Scientific Simulation, Cryptanalysis

Mainframe
y
Computer
o powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously
It used for Library ,Health care , Bank,……..
Performance
Decrease

Size Mini Computer Cost

Increase
Cost o i Size
multi-user computer capable of supporting up to
Capacity Capacity
hundreds of users simultaneously.
Performanc
e Micro/Personal computer
o A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

Work station
o A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a
personal computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor.
N.B It is used for Engineering Application CAD/CAM.
 o Store and process large
for scientific research, design work, and
analysis and control of physical systems. amount of information
with high speed and
accuracy

Why we Use Computer ?

o Transmit information
across continents via
Perform complex mathematical communication
computations and make channels;
comparisons;

Monitor ongoing
industrial operations Simulate events;
 Satellite
Computer
X-
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Registration
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Your
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 Component of Computer
o System is a group of components,
consisting of subsystems or procedures
that work in a coordination fashion to
achieve some objective.
o A computer system composed of
components that are classified either as
Computer hardware or Computer
software.
o The computer software is collection /set
of instructions that instructs the computer
hardware.
o A computer hardware is the physical
equipment of the computer you see, you
use to and the parts you can touch.
 Component of Hardware
o The term ‘computer hardware‘ or
‘computer parts’ is used to
describe computer components that can be
seen and touched.

o The major Hardwar components of

general-purpose computer system are Input
Unit, main/internal Memory or Storage
Unit, Output Unit, Central Processing unit.

o The CPU is further includes Arithmetic logic

unit (ALU) and control unit (CU). All the units
also referred to as “The functional units”.
Devices that are not integral part of CPU
referred to as peripherals
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

o After receiving data and commands from

users, a computer system now has to
process it according to the instructions
provided. Here, it has to rely on a
component called the central processing unit
.
o The Central Processing Unit is the core of any
computer devices. It comprises three major
components of the computer which have
been discussed above:
 Memory Unit
 Control Unit
 Arithmetic and Logical Unit
 Memory
o Once a user enters data using input
devices, the computer system stores this
data in its memory unit.
o This data will now remain here until other
components of CPU process it.
o The memory unit uses a set of pre-
programmed instructions to further transmit
this data to other parts of the CPU.
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit

o This part of the CPU performs

arithmetic operations.
o It does basic mathematical calculations like
addition, subtraction, division,
multiplication, etc. Further, it can even
perform logical functions like the
comparison of data..
 Control Unit

o This unit is the backbone of computers.

o It is responsible for coordinating tasks
between all components of a computer
system.
o The control unit collects data from input
units and sends it to processing units
depending on its nature. Finally, it also further
transmits processed data to output units for
users.
 Output Unit

o The third and final component of a computer

system is the output unit.
o After processing of data, it is converted into a
format which humans can understand.
o After conversion, the output units displays this
data to users.
o Examples of output devices include monitors,
screens, printers and speakers. Thus, output
units basically reproduce the data formatted by
the computer for users’ benefit.
.