Thesis Defense

THE IMPACT OF FEAR OF COVID-19 ON MENTAL WELL-BEING:

MEDIATING ROLE OF ANXIETY AND MODERATING ROLE OF
SELF-EFFICACY AMONG HEALTH-CARE PROFESSIONALS

Presented by:
Mohtasim Safeer Abbasi
Supervisor:
SAP ID : 26007
Mr. Muhammad Qaiser Shafi
MSHCM

Table of Contents
Major Sections of This Thesis
Defense Presentation
▪ Introduction & Overview
▪ Literature Review
▪ Hypothesis Development
▪ Methodology
▪ Results
▪ Discussion & Conclusion
▪ Implications
▪ Recommendations
▪ References
 Background

Corona Pandemic 2019

COVID’19

Mental Well-being
MWBG

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between mental well
being and impact of fear of COVID with mediating role of Anxiety and moderating
role of self-efficacy among healthcare professionals.
 Problem Statement/ It is seen that defilement speed of Clinical
benefits workers have a high rate of deficit
Gap Analysis around 21% and 18.6% independently causing
many negative mental results like
apprehension and demoralization(Almas et al.,
2020).
The COVID-19 flare-up was proclaimed as a worldwide
pandemic on March 11, 2020 (1). Albeit social
separating is the best method for containing the
extended of this infection, this isn't difficult to carry
out for medical services experts who require direct Additionally, drawn-out openness to this
contact with COVID-19 patients.
worry prompts the development of
burdensome side effects like bitterness,
state of mind modifications, absence of
Back-and-forth movement study on the Covid
rest, sluggishness, and sensations of
pandemic showed its expanded trepidation
that connected with numerous mental pointlessness.
prosperity results and the past mental
conditions strengthening.
Resilience Theory

• The notions of self-efficacy being within the framework of

resilience theory, cognitive variables that are resilient have been
extensively explored.
• As a psychology researcher, you are likely familiar with resilience
theory, which has been used widely to explain the various
mechanisms through which individual and environmental factors
can contribute to reducing or offsetting adversity experienced by
individuals as a result of stressors.
• According to the theory of resilience, it is crucial for an individual
to have the ability to cope with adversity, trauma, tragedy,
threats, or even significant Pressures.
 Research Questions

What is the impact of Fear of Covid-19 on Mental well-being?

01
What is the impact of Fear of Covid-19 on anxiety?
02 What is the impact of anxiety on Mental well-being?
Does Anxiety mediates the relationship between Fear of Covid-
03 19 and Mental well-being?
Does self-efficacy moderates the relationship between Anxiety
04
and Mental well-being?
 3. Anxiety has a significant positive
impact on mental well being.

4. Anxiety mediates the relationship

Research Objectives between fear of covid 19 and mental
well being.

5. To find the Moderating Role of Self-

1. To find the impact of Fear of
efficacy between Anxiety and
Cocid-19 on Mental well-being.
Mental well-being.
2. To find the impact of Fear of
Covid-19 on Anxiety.
 Literature Review

COVID
Coronavirus disease commonly known as COVID-19 is infectious in nature and
caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus. The vast majority of people do not need medical
attention when get infected by this virus and only show mild symptoms of the
disease. However, in serious COVID-19 cases, patients may get seriously ill and
unable to breathe freely with other co-occurring conditions and require medical
treatment. (Khattak et at .,2021)

ANXIETY
Anxiety is an emotion or the body's natural response to stressful situations

which is characterized by feelings of fear, tension, irritability, agitation and

restlessness. Anxiety has its physical implications as well like hypertension and
 Literature Review (Cont’d)

Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is individual's own set of beliefs, attitudes, cognitive
skills and capacity considered essential to be used to achieve a
goal. This theory was first propounded by the psychologist Albert
Bandura. (Tan et al., 2020)
Mental Well-being
Mental well-being is generally referred to the state of prosperity
and development in different life aspects such as financial stability,
maintaining strong relationships, forming social networks, and
involvement in recreational activities despite all other difficulties.
Research Model
 Hypothesis

Fear of Covid-19 has a Significant Negative Impact on Mental Well-being.

01
Fear of covid-19 has a significant positive impact on anxiety.
02
Anxiety has a significant positive impact on mental well-being.
03 Anxiety Mediates the relationship between fear of covid-19 and mental well-
being.
04
Self-efficacy moderates between anxiety and mental well-being in such a way
that relationship gets weakens with the high level of self-efficacy.
05

06
 Study Design Quantitative

Sampling Technique Convenient sampling.

Methodology
The population of current study is health care professional in
SKBZ/CMH hospital Muzaffarabad. Including doctor, nurses,
Population Para-medical staff, ward boy, Aya and others.

Sample Size 200

Data Collection Instrument Questionnaire

Data Analysis Software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

 Variable Frequency Percentage %
Age <20 30 13.4
21-30 81 57.6
31-40 61 16.6
Results >40 28 12.4
Gender Male 136 57.6
Female 64 42.4

Demographic Marital status single 87 28.6

Analysis Married 113 22.1
occupation Doctor 50 13.6
Nurse 54 22.5
Paramedics 42 45.2
17 10.5
Ward boy
37 8.2
Clerical staff
Total 200 100%
 Cronbach’s
Variables No. of items
Alpha

Reliability Fear of COVID 5 0.992

Analysis
Covid Anxiety 5 0.987

Self-efficacy 10 0.992

Mental Well-Being 14 0.995

 Demographics F value P value

One WAY Gender 5.45 .000

ANOVA
Age 61.33 .000

Marital Status 47.89 .000

Occupation 86.54 .000

 1 2 3 4 5
1- Covid fear
1

Correlation 2- Hospital
Analysis anxiety 0.528** 1

3- Self-efficacy
0.597** 0.511** 1

4- Mental Well-
being 0.544** 0.621** 0.598** 1
 Adjusted
Model R R 2 Sig
Regression Analysis square

1 .965a .932 .931

.000b
 Variables Moderated regression analysis

β R2 ΔR2
Fear of COVID---Anxiety .075 0.146 0.146

Moderating .158 .159

Regression Analysis Anxiety---Self efficacy .103
Anxiety---Wellbeing .475 .159 .158
Self-efficacy---Mental well .136 .158 .158
being

*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001, ns = not significant, n =

200
 Findings

H1-Fear of Covid-19 has a Significant Negative Impact on Mental Well-being. Supported

H2-Fear of covid-19 has a significant positive impact on anxiety. Supported

H3-Anxiety has a significant positive impact on Mental well-being. Supported

Findings (Cont’d)

H4-Anxiety Mediates the relationship between fear of covid-19 and mental well-being. Supported

H5-Self-efficacy moderates between anxiety and mental well-being in such a way that
relationship gets weakens with the high level of self-efficacy. Supported
 Discussion

• The current research examined the association between Covid-19 fear and mental
well-being. The data is collected by taking two standard tools measuring mental well-
being of respondents. Single stage sampling is used for collecting the data.

• In our results, 93.2% is a very high value.Fear of COVID was taken as an independent
variable, while mental well-being was treated as a dependent variableThere was a
significant result in the overall model tested and 93% variance in the DV was
produced.
• The overall model tested is significant and explains its result as 93 % of the variance.
Discussion (Cont’d)
• Corona virus fear mediated the connection between perceived corona virus risk and
parental concern about corona virus infection, which confirmed the first hypothesis.
Although there is no direct evidence regarding the role of fear in the context of a
disease, past research demonstrated that fear is thought to have a role there is a
relationship between trauma severity and post traumatic growth andthere's a
relationship between trauma exposure and depression (Zhou et al., 2016)

• There is a connection between corona virus tension and corona virus hazard.
Suggesting that intellectual well-being helps buffer the impact of corona virus hazard.
As a result of previous studies Murray et al., 2017, Takebayashi et al., 2018), human
beings with excessiveintellectualwellbeing have a very goodstage of mental resources,
which include the resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy and wish can help to diminish
the impact of corona virus hazard on parental corona virus tension.
 Limitations

• This study is cross-sectional in nature and that's why this doesn't allow us to explore the
effects of stressors on people's mental health and well-being (i.e., fear of COVID-19 and
exposure to COVID-19).
• We may not have a representative sample of Pakistan's general population due to our sample
design (depression, anxiety) during the pandemic.
• Our sample size is small. Our respondents are 200. The research is targeting respondents aged
over 40, with good Urdu language skills, and both men and women are included. In the
current study, we analyzed cross-sectional data, and drawing causal conclusions is not
possible.
• Hence, the use of two subjective questions to determine the level of exposure to the virus was
 Recommendations

• The limited amount of information available on

• This study intended to investigate the
the internet regarding people's mental health
relationship between anxiety and the fear of
outcomes makes it difficult to assess the
catching the Coronavirus, however, a range of
effectiveness of diverse strategies contemplated
factors that contribute to worsening mental
to improve the capacity of HCPs. It is yet to be
health is still not well studied. The research
determined whether eliminating outside factors
has highlighted an unsatisfactory level of self-
working in aid of anxiety can completely get rid
efficacy among healthcare professionals and
of fear induced by the Coronavirus
mentioned the need to introduce
interventions to equip healthcare
professionals for addressing fear and anxiety
among people during the pandemic.
 Future Directions

• If we incorporate more mental health-related variables into the analysis of resilience

variables in relation to pandemics, such as anxiety, trauma, post-traumatic stress

disorder, and psychological distress, not only will we get deeper insights into the

relationship between resilience and pandemics, but we will also provide valuable

empirical and theoretical support. The results of the study contain valuable information

regarding the uncertain situation of Covid-19 among the most vulnerable members of

the elderly population.

Reference
Conclusion:
The aged population group's perceived Self-efficacy and the ability to

s control fear associated with COVID-19 appear to moderate depression.

Therefore, elderly people should have strong self-efficacy beliefs to protect
themselves against depression. Our findings concluded and suggest that
making the older population feel capable through mental health training
programs may be crucial enough to ensure they are prepared for high-
conflict situations and can adjust after undergoing such pandemic
experiences. News media and media outlets have extensively covered the
pandemic suggesting that the virus is spreading rapidly outside China, it
significantly increased people's level of concern because of the high
prevalence of the disease. Experts believe that in the initial phase, the
uncertainty surrounding the Coronavirus was higher than its real
devastation. People were not familiar with the infection of this nature and
as a result, were also unaware of how to deal with the crisis. Covid-19
anxiety is directly associated with the unpredictability factor because
people didn't know how long this will last and what the future will look like.
Thank you for your valuable
time.