CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM

Dr Sahrish Mukhtar
CVS is composed of:

Heart
Blood Vessels
FUNCTIONS
 It is a transportation system
which uses the blood as the
transport vehicle.

 It carries oxygen, nutrients, cell

wastes, hormones and many
other substances vital for body

 The force to move the blood

around the body is provided by
the beating Heart.
 Heart
• A hollow, cone shaped
muscular organ

• It has:
• Apex,
• Base.
 Position of the Heart

It lies in the Middle Mediastinum

It is enclosed by a double sac of

.serous membrane (Pericardium)
Chambers of the Heart
Two Atria : (Right &
Left)
 They are the receiving
chambers :
 Right Atrium : receives the
venous blood coming to the
heart.
 Left Atrium : receives the
arterial blood coming from
the lungs.
Chambers of the Heart
Two Ventricles:
The inferior
chambers.
They have thick
walls.
They are the
discharging
chambers (actual
pumps).
Their contraction
propels blood out of
the heart into the
circulation.
VALVES OF THE HEART
The heart has Four Valves:
Two Atrioventricular
Valves between atria &
ventricles.
 They allow the blood to
flow in one direction from
the atria to the ventricles.
Right AVV (Tricuspid)
Left AVV (Mitral)
Two Semilunar
(Pulmonary & Aortic)

They allow the flow of

blood from the ventricles
to these arteries.
BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries:
Thick walled, do not have
valves.
The smallest arteries are
arterioles.
Veins:
Thin walled.
Many of them possess
valves.
The smallest veins are
venules.
Capillaries.
 ARTERIES

They transport
blood from the
heart and
distribute it to
the various
tissues of the
body through
their branches.
 Characteristic Features of Arteries
Arteries are thick-walled,
being uniformly thicker
than the accompanying
veins
Their lumen is smaller
than that of the
accompanying veins,
They have thick muscular
wall
Arteries have no valves.
 Structure of Arteries
Microscopically, all arteries
are made up of three coats.
The inner coat is called
tunica intima.
The middle coat is called
tunica media.
The outer coat is called
tunica adventitia. It is
strongest of all coats
 Types of Arteries
Large arteries of elastic type, e.g. (aorta and its main
branches brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian
and common iliac) and the pulmonary arteries.
Medium arteries of muscular type, e.g. temporal,
occipital, radial, popliteal, etc.
Small arteries of muscular type are called arterioles.
END ARTERIES
Anatomic End artery:
 Its terminal branches do not
anastomose with the
branches of arteries

Functional End artery:

 Its terminal branches do
anastomose with those of
adjacent arteries but the
anastomosis is insufficient to
keep the tissue alive if one of
the arteries is occluded.
 Arterioles Medium-sized Large arteries
arteries (Elastic arteries /
(muscular arteries/ conducting
distributing arteries)
arteries)

Tunica intima •Endothelium Proper three layers Thick intima

•Very thin layer of •Endothelium •Endothelium
subendothelial C.T •Subendothelial C.T •Subendothelial C.T
•IEL in large •IEL •IEL not identified
arterioles clearly …abundance
of elastic content

Tunica media •1-2 layers of smooth •Upto 40 layers of •Smooth muscle

muscles smooth muscle layers with lots of
•Upto 5 layers in •EEL is seen elastic fibers
large arterioles •EEL not identified
clearly

Tunica adventitia •scanty •As thick as tunica •Comparatively thin

media •Contains vasa
vasorum & nervi
vasorum

•E.g radial, femoral , •E.g aorta

tibial arteries
 VEINS
Transport blood back to the
heart.
The smaller veins
(Tributaries) unite to form
larger veins which commonly
join with one another to form
Venous Plexuses.
 Characteristic Features
Veins are thin-walled, being thinner than the
arteries.
Their lumen is larger than that of the
accompanying arteries.
Veins have valves which maintain the
unidirectional flow of blood, even against
gravity.
The muscular and elastic tissue content of the
venous walls is much less than that of the
arteries
 Structure of Veins
Veins are made up of
usual three coats which
are found in the arteries.
But the coats are ill-
defined, and the muscle
and elastic tissue content
is poor.
The adventitia is
thickest and best
developed.
DEEP VEINS (VENAE COMITANTES)

Two veins that

accompany medium
sized deep arteries
 Venules Medium-sized veins Large veins

Tunica intima •Endothelium •Endothelium Thick intima

•Very thin layer of •Thin Subendothelial •Endothelium
subendothelial CT C.T • well developed
•IEL may be seen Subendothelial C.T
•IEL not identified
clearly

Tunica media •1-2 layers of smooth •Loosely arranged •Smooth muscle

muscles smooth muscle fibers are very less
fibers with collagen •lots of collagen
fibers interspersed in fibers
between •PULMONARY VEIN
has well developed
smooth fiber layer
Tunica adventitia •Fine collagen fibers •More thicker than •Thickest of all 3
tunica media layers
•Contains vasa
vasorum & nervi
vasorum
•E.g radial, femoral , •E.g superior ,
tibial veins inferior vena cavae,
CAPILLARIES

Microscopic
vessels in the
form of a
network.

They connect the

Arterioles to the
Venules.
 Capillary Beds

When the precapillary sphincters are relaxed, blood flows

through the true capillaries and takes part in exchanges with
tissue cells
 Capillary Beds

When the precapillary sphincters are contracted, blood

flows through the shunts and bypasses the tissue cells
Types of Capillaries
Continuous Capillary
Fenestrated Capillary
Sinusoids
 Anastomosis
A precapillary or postcapillary
communication between the neighboring
vessels is called anastomosis.
Circulation of blood through the
anastomosis is called collateral circulation.
 Types of anastomoses
Anastomoses are of three types:
1. Arterial Anastomosis
2. Venous Anastomosis
3. Arteriovenous Anastomosis (Shunt)
CIRCULATIONS
Systemic
Cardiopulmonary.
Portal.
 Systemic (greater) circulation
The blood flows from the
left ventricle, through
various parts of the body, to
the right atrium, i.e. from
the left to the right side of
the heart through the
arteries and veins which
traverse the whole body.
Arteries contain oxygenated
while vein contain
deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary (lesser) circulation
The blood flows from the
right ventricle, through
the lungs, to the left
atrium, i.e. from the right
to the left side of the
heart.
This circulation is
responsible for
oxygenation of blood.
 PORTAL
Circulation
It is a system of vessels interposed
between two capillary beds.
Veins leaving the gastrointestinal
tract do not go direct to the heart.
They pass to the Portal Vein.
This vein enters the liver and
breaks up again into veins of
diminishing size which ultimately
join capillary like vessels
(Sinusoids).
THE END!!