Fire Hazard

Angelo Freidrich O. Ambalong

Fire Safety is Everyone’s
Concern
Prevent Fire through Good Housekeeping
2013 edition, Bureau of Fire Protection.

Majority of fire incidents occur in

family dwellings and mostly
caused by electrical short circuits
and connections. In the first
quarter of 2013, 23% of fire
incidents are of this nature.
Prevent Fire through Good Housekeeping
2013 edition, Bureau of Fire Protection.

LPG explosions due to

poorly maintained tanks
and hoses also caused 98 fire
accidents in the homes in
2012.
Prevent Fire through Good Housekeeping
2013 edition, Bureau of Fire Protection.

Unattended cooking is among

the most frequent caused of
fire. It climbed up to 533 fires
in 2012 destroying hard earned
investments.
Prevent Fire through Good Housekeeping
2013 edition, Bureau of Fire Protection.

Lighted cigarette butts

caused 271 fire incidents
in the first quarter of
2013.
Prevent Fire through Good Housekeeping
2013 edition, Bureau of Fire Protection.

In 2012, open flames due to

unattended torch (gasera) and
lighted candles caused 455 fire
accidents destroying several
homes all over the country.
Prevent Fire through Good Housekeeping
2013 edition, Bureau of Fire Protection.

Lighted matches and lighters

consumed several homes
resulting to 124 fire incidents
in the first quarter of 2013
 Understanding Fire!

Fire is a chemical reaction. It is the rapid

oxidation of fuel producing heat and light.
For fire to occur, all other must be present:
Heat, Fuel, Oxygen.
Understanding Fire!
 Understanding Fire!

Oxidizing agent Oxygen gas

Fuel Wood
Heat/Spark Match/Stones

Bonfire being lit while

camping
 Understanding Fire!

Oxidizing agent Oxygen gas

Fuel Electrical wires

Heat/Spark Heat during summer

Electrical fires during

summers
BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows:

Faulty electrical wiring or

LPG-related
connection
BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows:

Neglected cooking or stove

Cigarette butt
BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows:

Unattended open flame: Unattended open flame:

torch or sulo candle or gasera
BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows:

Matchstick or lighter Direct flame contact or static

electricity
BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows:

Neglected electrical Electrical machineries

appliances or devices
BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows:

Chemicals Incendiary device or ignited

flammable liquid
BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows:

Spontaneous combustion Pyrotechnics

BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows:

Bomb explosion Lightning

 PHASES OF FIRE

I. IGNITION
First stage: heat, oxygen, and fuel source combine and
have a chemical reaction (fire triangle is complete).
Also known as incipient.

2 types: Piloted ignition and auto ignition

 PHASES OF FIRE

Piloted ignition – fuel + oxygen + external heat source

(spark)

Auto ignition – combustion by heat without spark or

flame
 PHASES OF FIRE

I. IGNITION
Smoke and heat is produced.

Oxygen supply = 21%

Does not have high temperatures

Breathing is barely affected.

 PHASES OF FIRE

II. GROWTH
Expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen supply, and
increase in temperature

Also known as free burning phase

Oxygen supply < 21%

Temperatures reach between 640° to 870°

 PHASES OF FIRE
Factors that affect the growth of fire:
(1) fuel load
(2) fuel type
(3) orientation of fuel relative to fire
(4) available oxygen
(5) ceiling height
(6) potential for thermal layering
 PHASES OF FIRE

II. GROWTH
Fire influences the environment and is influenced by the
environment.

High levels of carbon monoxide.

Breathing becomes difficult.

Highly dangerous flashovers may occur anytime.

 PHASES OF FIRE

Flashover
rapid transition from the growth to fully
developed stage; materials in room ignite
all at once; tongues of flame roll across
ceiling; radiant heat affects materials in
room, raising them to ignition
temperature
 PHASES OF FIRE

III. FULLY-DEVELOPED
All fuels have been ignited and burning.

Hottest phase of a fire

Fire is now dependent on the amount of oxygen.

Spread of flammable gases within the area

Oxygen supply < 16%
Too much carbon monoxide is present
 PHASES OF FIRE

IV. DECAY
Fire starts to diminish as fuel and/or oxygen is consumed

Also known as smoldering phase

Usually the longest stage of a fire

Characterized by significant decrease in oxygen and fuel
Backdraft could potentially occur.
 PHASES OF FIRE

Backdraft
phenomenon in which fire that has
consumed all available oxygen suddenly
explodes when more oxygen is made
available, usually because a door or
window is opened
PHASES OF FIRE