CONTENTS

1.Introduction
2.Historical Background:
• Reasons for the War
• Timeline of Events Leading up to the War
• Effects on Neighboring Regions (Afar and Amhara):
• Impact on the Local Population:
• Long-Term Effects on Peace:
• impact on Economy
• Disruption of Essential Services
• Impact on agriculture, Trade and Employment
• Overall Economic Consequences
• Humanitarian Crisis:
• Food Insecurity
 CONTENTS……..

•Access to Clean Water

•Healthcare

oResponse of Humanitarian Organizations Challenges

•Humanitarian Aid

• Challenges

o Long Term Implications on well being

• Physical and mental Health

•Educational and human Capital

oInternational Response
 CONTENTS

oInterventions by Regional and International organizations

•Promotion of peace

•Addressing Economic Challenges

•Limitation and challenges

3. Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
• The war in Tigray, a region in northern Ethiopia, erupted in November 2020,
marking a significant turning point in the country's political landscape and
regional dynamics. The conflict pitted the Ethiopian government, led by Prime
Minister Abiy Ahmed, against the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), a
former ruling party in Ethiopia that had been marginalized from national power.
The roots of the conflict can be traced back to political and ethnic tensions that
had been escalating in Ethiopia for several years. When Prime Minister Abiy
came to power in 2018, he initiated a series of political and economic reforms
aimed at opening up the country and breaking the dominance of the TPLF.
 CONT……….
• However, these reforms led to increased tensions with the TPLF, which felt marginalized and resisted the
centralizing tendencies of the federal government. The war in Tigray quickly escalated into a protracted
and complex crisis, characterized by widespread violence, reports of human rights abuses, and a massive
humanitarian emergency. The conflict has had significant regional implications, leading to the involvement
of neighboring countries, such as Eritrea and Sudan. The significance of the war in Tigray extends beyond
Ethiopia's borders. It has brought attention to the fragile nature of ethnic and political dynamics in the
country, as well as the challenges of democratic governance and power-sharing. The conflict has strained
Ethiopia's relationships with regional and international partners, and it has raised concerns about the

potential for further destabilization in the Horn of Africa .

CONT……….

• Moreover, the war in Tigray has underscored the importance of humanitarian

intervention and international efforts to address the crisis. The scale of the
humanitarian emergency, including mass displacement, food insecurity, and
reports of atrocities, has drawn global attention and prompted calls for urgent
action to alleviate suffering and seek a peaceful resolution.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• The conflict in Tigray has its roots in Ethiopia's complex political

history. The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) played a
significant role in the overthrow of the military dictatorship in
1991 and subsequently formed a dominant part of the ruling
coalition, known as the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary
Democratic Front (EPRDF). Under the EPRDF's rule, Tigrayans
held significant political and economic power in Ethiopia.
However, tensions began to rise within the coalition, and in 2018,
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed came to power, introducing a series of
political and economic reforms aimed at opening up the country
and breaking the dominance of the TPLF.
 Reasons for the War
• The reasons for the war are multifaceted. The TPLF,
feeling marginalized by the centralizing tendencies of
the federal government under Prime Minister Abiy,
resisted the reforms and perceived loss of influence.
The TPLF withdrew from the EPRDF coalition and
held regional elections in Tigray in September 2020,
which the federal government deemed illegal.
 Timeline of Events Leading up to the War:

September 2020: Tigray regional elections are held despite the

federal government postponing all elections due to the COVID-
19 pandemic. The federal government declares the elections
illegal. November 4, 2020: The Ethiopian government accuses
the TPLF of attacking a military base and launches a military
offensive against Tigray, marking the beginning of the war.
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed declares a state of emergency in
Tigray and orders a military intervention to restore federal
control. The Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF)
launches a full-scale offensive against the TPLF, employing
airstrikes and ground forces. Efforts to mediate and negotiate a
 Impact on Peace
The war in Tigray has had immediate negative effects on peace
in the region. The conflict has resulted in the loss of thousands of
lives, including combatants and civilians, leading to a significant
humanitarian crisis and deepening ethnic tensions.
The involvement of multiple armed groups, including the
Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF), the Tigray People's
Liberation Front (TPLF), and Eritrean forces, has further
complicated the conflict dynamics and heightened the risk of
further violence and instability. The conflict has strained
relations between different ethnic groups within Ethiopia,
contributing to a sense of mistrust and division. This has
 Effects on Neighboring Regions (Afar and Amhara)

The war in Tigray has had spillover effects on neighboring

regions, particularly Afar and Amhara. These regions have
experienced a significant influx of Tigrayan refugees and
internally displaced persons (IDPs) fleeing the conflict.
This sudden population displacement has strained
resources and social services in these regions, leading to
increased tensions and potential conflicts over scarce
resources. The conflict has also heightened inter-ethnic
tensions in Afar and Amhara, as the involvement of
different ethnic groups in the war has exacerbated existing
 Impact on the Local Population

• The local population in Tigray has borne the brunt of the conflict's
impact. Thousands of people have been displaced from their homes,
either as refugees or as IDPs within Tigray. Many have lost their
livelihoods, their homes, and their loved ones. The war has resulted in a
significant loss of life, both through direct violence and indirect
consequences such as the disruption of healthcare services and food
insecurity. Reports of human rights abuses, including killings, sexual
violence, and looting, have emerged, further exacerbating the trauma
experienced by the local population. The conflict has disrupted social
structures and community cohesion. Communities have been
fragmented, families separated, and traditional support systems
dismantled. The destruction of infrastructure, including schools,
Long-Term Effects on Peace

• The long-term effects of the war in Tigray on peace in the region

remain uncertain. The conflict has deepened ethnic tensions and
created divisions within Ethiopian society. Rebuilding trust and
fostering reconciliation will be crucial for long-term peace and
stability. The involvement of external actors, such as Eritrea, has
regional implications and raises concerns about cross-border
conflicts and the potential for regional destabilization. The impact
of the conflict on peace will depend on efforts towards addressing
the root causes of the conflict, promoting inclusive dialogue, and
working towards meaningful political and social reforms that
address the grievances of all parties involved.
 IMPACT ON ECONOMY
Disruption of Essential
Services:
Healthcare Education:
The war has severely impacted The conflict has disrupted Infrastructure:
healthcare services in Tigray. education in Tigray. Schools The war has caused significant
Medical facilities have been have been damaged, looted, or damage to infrastructure in
damaged or destroyed, and occupied by armed groups, Tigray, including roads,
healthcare workers have been leading to the suspension of bridges, and public facilities.
displaced or killed. The disruption classes. Many teachers and The destruction of
of healthcare services has led to a students have been displaced, infrastructure impedes the
lack of access to medical and the disruption of education movement of goods, services,
treatment, including for chronic services has long-term and humanitarian aid,
illnesses and emergency care, implications for human capital hindering economic recovery
exacerbating the humanitarian development and the future of and exacerbating the
crisis in the region. Tigray's youth. humanitarian crisis.
 CONT………….
Impact on Agriculture, Trade, and
Employment :

Agriculture
Tigray is an agriculturally rich
region, but the conflict has severely
impacted agricultural activities.
Farmers have been displaced, and
the planting and harvesting seasons
have been disrupted. The destruction
or looting of agricultural inputs,
machinery, and livestock has further
hampered agricultural productivity.
This has resulted in food shortages,
increased food insecurity, and a
heightened risk of famine in the
Trade
The war has disrupted trade
networks within Tigray and
with neighboring regions and
countries. Road blockades,
insecurity, and damaged
infrastructure have hindered
the movement of goods and
services, affecting both local
and cross-border trade. This
has had negative implications
for businesses, livelihoods,
and the overall economy of
Employment
The conflict has caused widespread job
losses and unemployment in Tigray.
Many businesses have been forced to
close, and the disruption of agricultural
activities and other sectors has resulted in
the loss of income for many households.
The displacement of people and the
destruction of infrastructure have further
exacerbated the employment crisis.
Overall Economic Consequences

• The war in Tigray has led to a severe economic downturn,

affecting agriculture, trade, and market systems.
Displacement, crop looting, and food shortages have led to
widespread unemployment and income loss, exacerbated
existing inequalities in the region.
• Essential services like healthcare and education are
destroyed, causing long-term impacts on human
development and economic growth, food insecurity, and
increased vulnerability.
 CONT…………. Humanitarian Crisis

A. Food Insecurity C. Healthcare

B. Access to Clean Water
Conflict in Tigray is causing The conflict in Tigray has
The war has led to water
a severe food security crisis, severely impacted healthcare
scarcity inadequate sanitation,
with crop failure, livestock services, leading to limited
and increased risk of
loss, and limited market access to essential services like
waterborne diseases, affecting
access leading to high maternal care, immunization,
vulnerable populations like
malnutrition rates. and common illnesses and
children and the elderly.
injuries..
 RESPONSE OF HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS AND
CHALLENGES

Humanitarian Aid: Challenges

o International and local humanitarian o Humanitarian organizations in Tigray
organizations are providing emergency face challenges like hostilities,
assistance, food aid, medical supplies, insecurity, bureaucratic hurdles,
water and sanitation support, protection limited funding, and logistical
concerns, and psychosocial support to difficulties, exacerbated by the lack of
affected populations in Tigray. safe access to affected areas.
 CONT………….Long-Term Implications on Well-being

Physical and Mental Education and Human Capital

Socioeconomic Impact
Health Disruption of education services
The ongoing crisis, characterized
The Tigray humanitarian crisis and teacher and student
by infrastructure destruction,
poses significant threats to the displacement can have long-term
economic disruption, and
population's health, with consequences, hindering human
livelihood loss, could significantly
inadequate access to capital development, affecting
exacerbate poverty, widen
healthcare, clean water, and economic prospects, and affecting
inequalities, and hinder the
nutrition leading to increased overall well-being..
region's economic recovery and
morbidity and mortality rates.
development for years to come...
 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE
Diplomatic Efforts Sanctions
o The international community is utilizing o Countries and organizations have
diplomatic channels to address the Tigray imposed targeted sanctions on
conflict, condemning violence, calling for individuals and entities involved in
peaceful resolution, and respecting human conflict, including travel bans and
rights. asset freezes, to pressure and signal
against human rights abuses and
violence.
 INTERVENTIONS BY REGIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• Regional organizations such as the African Union (AU) and

the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
have made efforts to mediate and facilitate dialogue between
the conflicting parties. International organizations, including
the United Nations (UN) and its agencies, have provided
humanitarian assistance, monitored human rights, and called
for accountability for violations.
 CONT…….

Effectiveness of the Responses

Promotion of Peace Addressing Economic Challenges

Limitations and Challenges
The ongoing conflict in Tigray, The international community has
The international community
despite diplomatic efforts, faces partially addressed economic
faces challenges in response,
challenges in achieving lasting challenges in Tigray through including limited access,
peace due to the complexity of humanitarian aid, but sustained coordination, politicization,
efforts are needed to rebuild the
the conflict dynamics and deep- and cooperation among parties
economy and promote long-term
rooted grievances. for sanctions and diplomatic
development.
 CONCLUSION
• The conflict in Tigray has led to severe economic and humanitarian
consequences, disrupting essential services like healthcare,
education, and infrastructure, causing food insecurity, economic
decline, and job losses.
• The international community's efforts to promote peace and
address economic challenges have been limited due to the
complexity of conflict dynamics and access challenges.
• The international community must continue to address the Tigray
crisis through inclusive dialogue, humanitarian aid, accountability
for human rights violations, and addressing root causes for
 CONT…………..
• The international community can support Tigray's recovery, rebuild
its economy, and restore hope by prioritizing the well-being of the
population and promoting comprehensive resolution.
• The Tigray crisis underscores the need for international solidarity,
cooperation, and peace building efforts to alleviate suffering and
promote a prosperous, peaceful Ethiopia.
 REFERENCE

• https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/stories/amid-conflict-northern-ethiopia-chil
dren-share-their-dreams-future
• https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/tigray-war-and-education
• https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58319977
• https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/tigray-conflict-schools-closed-edu
cation-ethiopia/
• other open source media
• Aljazeera English
•
THANK
YOU