CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
• REASONS FOR THE WAR
• TIMELINE OF EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE WAR
• EFFECTS ON NEIGHBORING REGIONS (AFAR AND AMHARA):
• IMPACT ON THE LOCAL POPULATION:
• LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON PEACE:
• IMPACT ON ECONOMY
• DISRUPTION OF ESSENTIAL SERVICES
• IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT
• OVERALL ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
• HUMANITARIAN CRISIS:
• FOOD INSECURITY
 CONTENTS
•ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER
•HEALTHCARE
oRESPONSE OF HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS CHALLENGES
•HUMANITARIAN AID
• CHALLENGES
o LONG TERM IMPLICATIONS ON WELL BEING
• PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH
•EDUCATIONAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL
oINTERNATIONAL RESPONSE
•DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS

•SANCTIONS
 CONTENTS

oINTERVENTIONS BY REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

•PROMOTION OF PEACE

•ADDRESSING ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

•LIMITATION AND CHALLENGES

3. CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
• THE WAR IN TIGRAY, A REGION IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA, ERUPTED IN
NOVEMBER 2020, MARKING A SIGNIFICANT TURNING POINT IN THE
COUNTRY'S POLITICAL LANDSCAPE AND REGIONAL DYNAMICS. THE
CONFLICT PITTED THE ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT, LED BY PRIME MINISTER
ABIY AHMED, AGAINST THE TIGRAY PEOPLE'S LIBERATION FRONT (TPLF), A
FORMER RULING PARTY IN ETHIOPIA THAT HAD BEEN MARGINALIZED FROM
NATIONAL POWER. THE ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT CAN BE TRACED BACK TO
POLITICAL AND ETHNIC TENSIONS THAT HAD BEEN ESCALATING IN ETHIOPIA
FOR SEVERAL YEARS. WHEN PRIME MINISTER ABIY CAME TO POWER IN 2018,
HE INITIATED A SERIES OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC REFORMS AIMED AT
OPENING UP THE COUNTRY AND BREAKING THE DOMINANCE OF THE TPLF.
 CONT……….
• HOWEVER, THESE REFORMS LED TO INCREASED TENSIONS WITH THE TPLF, WHICH FELT
MARGINALIZED AND RESISTED THE CENTRALIZING TENDENCIES OF THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT. THE WAR IN TIGRAY QUICKLY ESCALATED INTO A PROTRACTED AND
COMPLEX CRISIS, CHARACTERIZED BY WIDESPREAD VIOLENCE, REPORTS OF HUMAN
RIGHTS ABUSES, AND A MASSIVE HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCY. THE CONFLICT HAS HAD
SIGNIFICANT REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS, LEADING TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF
NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES, SUCH AS ERITREA AND SUDAN. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
WAR IN TIGRAY EXTENDS BEYOND ETHIOPIA'S BORDERS. IT HAS BROUGHT ATTENTION
TO THE FRAGILE NATURE OF ETHNIC AND POLITICAL DYNAMICS IN THE COUNTRY, AS
WELL AS THE CHALLENGES OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE AND POWER-SHARING. THE
CONFLICT HAS STRAINED ETHIOPIA'S RELATIONSHIPS WITH REGIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS, AND IT HAS RAISED CONCERNS ABOUT THE POTENTIAL FOR

FURTHER DESTABILIZATION IN THE HORN OF AFRICA .

CONT……….

• MOREOVER, THE WAR IN TIGRAY HAS UNDERSCORED THE

IMPORTANCE OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS THE CRISIS. THE SCALE OF
THE HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCY, INCLUDING MASS
DISPLACEMENT, FOOD INSECURITY, AND REPORTS OF ATROCITIES,
HAS DRAWN GLOBAL ATTENTION AND PROMPTED CALLS FOR
URGENT ACTION TO ALLEVIATE SUFFERING AND SEEK A PEACEFUL
RESOLUTION.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• THE CONFLICT IN TIGRAY HAS ITS ROOTS IN ETHIOPIA'S

COMPLEX POLITICAL HISTORY. THE TIGRAY PEOPLE'S
LIBERATION FRONT (TPLF) PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE
IN THE OVERTHROW OF THE MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN
1991 AND SUBSEQUENTLY FORMED A DOMINANT PART
OF THE RULING COALITION, KNOWN AS THE ETHIOPIAN
PEOPLE'S REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRATIC FRONT
(EPRDF). UNDER THE EPRDF'S RULE, TIGRAYANS HELD
SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POWER IN
ETHIOPIA. HOWEVER, TENSIONS BEGAN TO RISE WITHIN
THE COALITION, AND IN 2018, PRIME MINISTER ABIY
AHMED CAME TO POWER, INTRODUCING A SERIES OF
Reasons for the War
• THE REASONS FOR THE WAR ARE
MULTIFACETED. THE TPLF, FEELING
MARGINALIZED BY THE CENTRALIZING
TENDENCIES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
UNDER PRIME MINISTER ABIY, RESISTED THE
REFORMS AND PERCEIVED LOSS OF
INFLUENCE. THE TPLF WITHDREW FROM THE
EPRDF COALITION AND HELD REGIONAL
ELECTIONS IN TIGRAY IN SEPTEMBER 2020,
 Timeline of Events Leading up to the War:

SEPTEMBER 2020: TIGRAY REGIONAL ELECTIONS ARE

HELD DESPITE THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
POSTPONING ALL ELECTIONS DUE TO THE COVID-19
PANDEMIC. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DECLARES
THE ELECTIONS ILLEGAL. NOVEMBER 4, 2020: THE
ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT ACCUSES THE TPLF OF
ATTACKING A MILITARY BASE AND LAUNCHES A
MILITARY OFFENSIVE AGAINST TIGRAY, MARKING
THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. PRIME MINISTER ABIY
AHMED DECLARES A STATE OF EMERGENCY IN
TIGRAY AND ORDERS A MILITARY INTERVENTION TO
 Impact on Peace
THE WAR IN TIGRAY HAS HAD IMMEDIATE NEGATIVE
EFFECTS ON PEACE IN THE REGION. THE CONFLICT
HAS RESULTED IN THE LOSS OF THOUSANDS OF LIVES,
INCLUDING COMBATANTS AND CIVILIANS, LEADING
TO A SIGNIFICANT HUMANITARIAN CRISIS AND
DEEPENING ETHNIC TENSIONS.
THE INVOLVEMENT OF MULTIPLE ARMED GROUPS,
INCLUDING THE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL DEFENSE
FORCES (ENDF), THE TIGRAY PEOPLE'S LIBERATION
FRONT (TPLF), AND ERITREAN FORCES, HAS FURTHER
COMPLICATED THE CONFLICT DYNAMICS AND
Effects on Neighboring Regions (Afar and Amhara)

THE WAR IN TIGRAY HAS HAD SPILLOVER

EFFECTS ON NEIGHBORING REGIONS,
PARTICULARLY AFAR AND AMHARA. THESE
REGIONS HAVE EXPERIENCED A SIGNIFICANT
INFLUX OF TIGRAYAN REFUGEES AND
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS)
FLEEING THE CONFLICT. THIS SUDDEN
POPULATION DISPLACEMENT HAS STRAINED
RESOURCES AND SOCIAL SERVICES IN THESE
REGIONS, LEADING TO INCREASED TENSIONS
 Impact on the Local Population

• THE LOCAL POPULATION IN TIGRAY HAS BORNE THE BRUNT

OF THE CONFLICT'S IMPACT. THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE HAVE
BEEN DISPLACED FROM THEIR HOMES, EITHER AS
REFUGEES OR AS IDPS WITHIN TIGRAY. MANY HAVE LOST
THEIR LIVELIHOODS, THEIR HOMES, AND THEIR LOVED
ONES. THE WAR HAS RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF
LIFE, BOTH THROUGH DIRECT VIOLENCE AND INDIRECT
CONSEQUENCES SUCH AS THE DISRUPTION OF HEALTHCARE
SERVICES AND FOOD INSECURITY. REPORTS OF HUMAN
RIGHTS ABUSES, INCLUDING KILLINGS, SEXUAL VIOLENCE,
AND LOOTING, HAVE EMERGED, FURTHER EXACERBATING
THE TRAUMA EXPERIENCED BY THE LOCAL POPULATION.
Long-Term Effects on Peace

• THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE WAR IN TIGRAY ON

PEACE IN THE REGION REMAIN UNCERTAIN. THE
CONFLICT HAS DEEPENED ETHNIC TENSIONS AND
CREATED DIVISIONS WITHIN ETHIOPIAN SOCIETY.
REBUILDING TRUST AND FOSTERING RECONCILIATION
WILL BE CRUCIAL FOR LONG-TERM PEACE AND
STABILITY. THE INVOLVEMENT OF EXTERNAL ACTORS,
SUCH AS ERITREA, HAS REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS AND
RAISES CONCERNS ABOUT CROSS-BORDER CONFLICTS
AND THE POTENTIAL FOR REGIONAL DESTABILIZATION.
THE IMPACT OF THE CONFLICT ON PEACE WILL DEPEND
 IMPACT ON ECONOMY
Disruption of Essential
Services:
Healthcare Education:
The war has severely impacted The conflict has disrupted Infrastructure:
healthcare services in Tigray. education in Tigray. Schools The war has caused significant
Medical facilities have been have been damaged, looted, or damage to infrastructure in
damaged or destroyed, and occupied by armed groups, Tigray, including roads,
healthcare workers have been leading to the suspension of bridges, and public facilities.
displaced or killed. The disruption classes. Many teachers and The destruction of
of healthcare services has led to a students have been displaced, infrastructure impedes the
lack of access to medical and the disruption of education movement of goods, services,
treatment, including for chronic services has long-term and humanitarian aid,
illnesses and emergency care, implications for human capital hindering economic recovery
exacerbating the humanitarian development and the future of and exacerbating the
crisis in the region. Tigray's youth. humanitarian crisis.
 CONT………….
Impact on Agriculture, Trade, and
Employment :

Agriculture
Tigray is an agriculturally rich
region, but the conflict has severely
impacted agricultural activities.
Farmers have been displaced, and
the planting and harvesting seasons
have been disrupted. The destruction
or looting of agricultural inputs,
machinery, and livestock has further
hampered agricultural productivity.
This has resulted in food shortages,
increased food insecurity, and a
heightened risk of famine in the
Trade
The war has disrupted trade
networks within Tigray and
with neighboring regions and
countries. Road blockades,
insecurity, and damaged
infrastructure have hindered
the movement of goods and
services, affecting both local
and cross-border trade. This
has had negative implications
for businesses, livelihoods,
and the overall economy of
Employment
The conflict has caused widespread job
losses and unemployment in Tigray.
Many businesses have been forced to
close, and the disruption of agricultural
activities and other sectors has resulted in
the loss of income for many households.
The displacement of people and the
destruction of infrastructure have further
exacerbated the employment crisis.
Overall Economic Consequences

• THE WAR IN TIGRAY HAS LED TO A SEVERE

ECONOMIC DOWNTURN, AFFECTING
AGRICULTURE, TRADE, AND MARKET SYSTEMS.
DISPLACEMENT, CROP LOOTING, AND FOOD
SHORTAGES HAVE LED TO WIDESPREAD
UNEMPLOYMENT AND INCOME LOSS,
EXACERBATED EXISTING INEQUALITIES IN THE
REGION.
• ESSENTIAL SERVICES LIKE HEALTHCARE AND
 CONT…………. Humanitarian Crisis

A. Food Insecurity C. Healthcare

B. Access to Clean Water
Conflict in Tigray is causing The conflict in Tigray has
The war has led to water
a severe food security crisis, severely impacted healthcare
scarcity inadequate sanitation,
with crop failure, livestock services, leading to limited
and increased risk of
loss, and limited market access to essential services like
waterborne diseases, affecting
access leading to high maternal care, immunization,
vulnerable populations like
malnutrition rates. and common illnesses and
children and the elderly.
injuries..
 RESPONSE OF HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS AND
CHALLENGES

HUMANITARIAN AID: CHALLENGES

o INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL o HUMANITARIAN
HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS IN TIGRAY
ARE PROVIDING EMERGENCY FACE CHALLENGES LIKE
ASSISTANCE, FOOD AID, MEDICAL HOSTILITIES, INSECURITY,
SUPPLIES, WATER AND SANITATION BUREAUCRATIC HURDLES,
SUPPORT, PROTECTION CONCERNS, LIMITED FUNDING, AND
AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT TO LOGISTICAL DIFFICULTIES,
AFFECTED POPULATIONS IN EXACERBATED BY THE LACK
 CONT………….Long-Term Implications on Well-being

Physical and Mental Education and Human Capital

Socioeconomic Impact
Health Disruption of education services
The ongoing crisis, characterized
The Tigray humanitarian crisis and teacher and student
by infrastructure destruction,
poses significant threats to the displacement can have long-term
economic disruption, and
population's health, with consequences, hindering human
livelihood loss, could significantly
inadequate access to capital development, affecting
exacerbate poverty, widen
healthcare, clean water, and economic prospects, and affecting
inequalities, and hinder the
nutrition leading to increased overall well-being..
region's economic recovery and
morbidity and mortality rates.
development for years to come...
 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE
DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS SANCTIONS
o THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY o COUNTRIES AND
IS UTILIZING DIPLOMATIC ORGANIZATIONS HAVE
CHANNELS TO ADDRESS THE IMPOSED TARGETED
TIGRAY CONFLICT, CONDEMNING SANCTIONS ON INDIVIDUALS
VIOLENCE, CALLING FOR AND ENTITIES INVOLVED IN
PEACEFUL RESOLUTION, AND CONFLICT, INCLUDING TRAVEL
RESPECTING HUMAN RIGHTS. BANS AND ASSET FREEZES, TO
PRESSURE AND SIGNAL
 INTERVENTIONS BY REGIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS THE

AFRICAN UNION (AU) AND THE
INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON
DEVELOPMENT (IGAD) HAVE MADE EFFORTS TO
MEDIATE AND FACILITATE DIALOGUE BETWEEN
THE CONFLICTING PARTIES. INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS, INCLUDING THE UNITED
NATIONS (UN) AND ITS AGENCIES, HAVE PROVIDED
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE, MONITORED
 CONT…….

Effectiveness of the Responses

Promotion of Peace Addressing Economic Challenges

Limitations and Challenges
The ongoing conflict in Tigray, The international community has
The international community
despite diplomatic efforts, faces partially addressed economic
faces challenges in response,
challenges in achieving lasting challenges in Tigray through including limited access,
peace due to the complexity of humanitarian aid, but sustained coordination, politicization,
efforts are needed to rebuild the
the conflict dynamics and deep- and cooperation among parties
economy and promote long-term
rooted grievances. for sanctions and diplomatic
development.
 CONCLUSION
• THE CONFLICT IN TIGRAY HAS LED TO SEVERE
ECONOMIC AND HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES,
DISRUPTING ESSENTIAL SERVICES LIKE HEALTHCARE,
EDUCATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE, CAUSING FOOD
INSECURITY, ECONOMIC DECLINE, AND JOB LOSSES.
• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY'S EFFORTS TO
PROMOTE PEACE AND ADDRESS ECONOMIC
CHALLENGES HAVE BEEN LIMITED DUE TO THE
COMPLEXITY OF CONFLICT DYNAMICS AND ACCESS
CHALLENGES.
 CONT…………..
• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY CAN SUPPORT
TIGRAY'S RECOVERY, REBUILD ITS ECONOMY, AND
RESTORE HOPE BY PRIORITIZING THE WELL-BEING OF
THE POPULATION AND PROMOTING COMPREHENSIVE
RESOLUTION.
• THE TIGRAY CRISIS UNDERSCORES THE NEED FOR
INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY, COOPERATION, AND
PEACE BUILDING EFFORTS TO ALLEVIATE SUFFERING
AND PROMOTE A PROSPEROUS, PEACEFUL ETHIOPIA.
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•
THANK
YOU