Optics

Lenses
 REFRACTION
• Light rays may bend as
they cross a boundary
from one material to
another, like from air to
water.

• This bending of light rays

is known as refraction.

• The light rays from the

straw are refracted (or
bent) when they cross
from water back into air
before reaching your
eyes.

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When a ray of light crosses from one material to
another, the amount it bends depends on the
difference in index of refraction between the two
materials.

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 Index of Refraction

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 Refraction of Light

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 LENSES
• A lens is an
optical
device that
is used to
bend light
in a specific
way.

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 TYPES OF LENSES
Convex Lens
Thicker in the center
than edges.
– Lens that converges
(brings together)
light rays.
– Forms real images The Magnifier
and virtual images
depending on
position of the
object
 Types

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 TYPES OF LENSES
Concave Lens
• Lenses that are
thicker at the edges
and thinner in the
center.
– Diverges light
rays The De-Magnifier

– All images are

erect and
reduced.
 Types

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Converging Lens vs. Diverging Lens

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Converging Lens vs. Diverging Lens

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 Focal Length

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 Focal Point/Focus

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 Parts of a Lens
• Light rays that enter a converging lens parallel to its
axis bend to meet at a point called the focal point.
• The distance from the center of the lens to the focal
point is called the focal length.
• The optical axis usually goes through the center of
the lens.

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 Ray Diagram

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 RAY DIAGRAM

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 RAY DIAGRAM

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 RAY DIAGRAM

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 RAY DIAGRAM

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 RAY DIAGRAM CONVEX

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 RAY DIAGRAM
CONVEX LENS

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 RAY DIAGRAM
CONVEX LENS

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 RAY DIAGRAM
CONVEX LENS

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 RAY DIAGRAM
CONVEX LENS

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 RAY DIAGRAM
CONCAVE LENS

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The Lens Equation

Ray diagram does not provide exact location

and numerical information
about the image formed in lenses, as in the
image formed in curved mirrors
through ray diagram. To determine the exact
location and size of the image
formed in lenses, a lens equation is needed.
The Sign Conventions for lenses
• f is positive (+) if the lens is a double convex lens
( converging lens)
• f is negative (-) if the lens is a double concave
lens ( diverging lens)
• q is (+) if the image is a real image and located
behind the lens
• q is (-) if the image is a virtual image and located
on the object’s side of the lens
• h’ is (+) if the image is an upright image ( and
therefore, also virtual)
• h’ is (-) if the image an inverted image( and
therefore , also real)
 CONVEX LENS
Sample Problem:
What is the image distance and image size if a 5 cm tall
light bulb is placed at a distance of 45.5 cm from a convex
lens having a focal length of 15.4 cm?

Given:
height of the object, h = 5.00 cm
distance of the object, p = 45.5 cm
focal point, f = 15.4 cm
Find:
distance of the image, q = ?
height of the image, h’ = ?
To determine the image distance, the lens equation must
be used.
1 = 1 + 1
f p q

1 = 1 + 1
15. 4 cm 45.5 cm q

1 - 1 = 1
15.4 cm 45.5 cm q

45.5cm – 15.4 cm = 1
(15.4 cm) (45.5 cm) q

q = 23.3 cm
Since three of four quantities in the magnification equation are
known, the height of the image, h can be calculated

The negative values for image height indicate that the image is an
inverted image
Sample Problem:
What is the image distance and image size if a 3.00
cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 30.5 cm
from a diverging lens having a focal length of
-10.2 cm?
Given:
h = 3.00 cm
p = 30.5 cm
f = -10.2 cm
Find:
q=?
h’ = ?
To determine the image distance, the lens equation
will be used
This confirms the image distance, q as negative. To determine the
image height, the magnification equation is needed
Quiz#6
1. Determine the image
distance and image height
for a 8.00-cm tall object
placed 46.5 cm from a
convex lens having a focal
length of 16.0 cm.
Quiz#6
2. A 3.10-cm diameter coin
is placed a distance of 25.0
cm from a concave lens that
has a focal length of -11.0
cm. Determine the image
distance and the diameter
of the image