INTERPRET

DRAWING AND
SKETCHES
IDENTIFY STANDARD ALPHABET OF LINES
Alphabet lines
 One of the best ways to communicate your ideas is
through some form of picture or drawing. This is especially
true for the technical worker. The purpose of this module,
therefore, is to give you the basics of sketching and
drawing.

 SKETCHING - Sketching is drawing without
instruments. Sketches are made by the freehand method. The
only tools required are a pencil, paper, and an eraser.
  ALPHABET OF LINES AND
APPLICATIONS
 The "Alphabet of Lines" is a list of line symbols
that are used on technical drawings to represent the
shape and describe the size of an object
 In order to understand what the line is trying get
across; you must be able to understand the
symbols.
 The standard thickness of the line is 0.030 to
0.038 inches.
 The standard thin line weight
varies from 0.015 to 0.022 inches

MAIN TYPES OF LINES

1. Visible Lines 10. Short break lines

2. Hidden lines 11. Long Break Lines
3. Section lines 12. Cylindrical
4. Center Lines
5. Dimension lines
6. Extension lines
7. Leader lines
8. Cutting plane lines
9. Break lines
 Task Sheet 1.1.1 Self-Check
Question: What are the type of
alphabet line?
Projection
Projection welding is a
resistance weld where the design or shape of
the part is used to make discreet individual
point contacts to concentrate the current
during the welding process. ... When the
mating parts are brought together
these projections concentrate the current
flow and generate the heat in these locations.
Spot Welding
Spot welding typically joins metal sheets. It's one of the
oldest welding practices still in use today.
Using electrodes with pointed tips to create opposing
forces allows pieces of metal to be heated and
subsequently joined with ease.
The electrode shape used in this process determines the
various weld factors, such as:
 Current
 Heat generation
 Weld nugget size
The automotive industry relies heavily on spot welding
when it comes time to join segments of automobile bodies
and other large components. Other large items, such as
household furniture and other domestic appliances and
equipment are also frequently assembled using spot
welding.
Spot welding is ideal for applications utilizing carbon steel
and aluminum. In some cases, stainless steels, nickel alloys,
and titanium can also be spot welded. The process also
lends itself well to automation, which is seen as a notable
benefit for many fabricators. Robots and manipulation
systems can easily be programmed to perform spot welds.
The spot welding process offers
manufacturers a range of advantages,
including:
 Affordability
 Speed
 Efficiency
 Easily automated
 Sheets as thin as 0.25” can be spot welded
without issue
Projection Welding
Like spot welding, the projection welding process relies on
heat generated by an electric current to join metal pieces
together. Projection electrodes are capable of carrying more
current than spot welding electrodes and can, therefore, weld
much thicker materials.
During the projection welding process, two flat electrodes
cover the face of a fastener. The projections themselves
absorb and disperse heat, which allows strong welds with
exceptional aesthetics to be produced.
Even contact and pressure between the fastener's projections
and the base metal helps avoid excessive electrode pressure.
The projection welding process is ideal for joining
together metal components with embossments. It's
frequently utilized in electrical, automotive, and
construction applications, in part due to the strength
of the welds it creates.
Projection welding offers benefits such as:
 A superior heat balance compared to other
resistance welding methods
Ideal for scenarios requiring thick pieces of metal to
be joined together
Task Sheet 1.1.2 Self-Check
Question: What is the difference of
spot and projection welding?
LO2. Identify Orthographic/Isometric views
Drawing Symbol
DRAWING SPECIFICATION

DRAWINGS
 Drawings or sketches are used to convey the
ideas of an engineer to the skilled craftsman
working in the shop. As a welder, you must be able
to work from a drawing in order to fabricate metal
parts exactly as the engineer has designed them.
DIMENSIONING

 To describe an object completely, a drafter needs
to define both the size and the shape of the object.
Another name for size description is dimensioning.
(Dimensions are numerical values that give size, form,
or location of objects).
 SCALING
Scaling is the branch of measurement that involves
the construction of an instrument that associates
qualitative constructs with quantitative metric units.
DRAWING TO SCALE

 Large objects are seldom drawn in their
true size. Instead, the engineer or draftsman
reduces the size of the object ―to scale‖.
 For example, when drawing a 40-foot
tower, the drawing may be prepared using a
scale of ½‖ = 1’ – 0‖. In this case, the height
of the tower, on paper, is 20inches.
2 TYPES OF VIEW
Orthographic View Isometric View
Interpret Drawing and Sketches Task
Sheet 2.2.1 Self-Check
Question: What are the two types of
view?
Dimensioning Techniques
 Dimensioning of welds
The dimensions of a weld may be added to a drawing
in the following manner.
 Dimensions relating to the cross section of the weld
are symbolized by b and are given on the left-hand
side of the symbol. The cross-sectional dimension to
be indicated for a fillet weld is the leg length. If the
design throat thickness is to be indicated, then the leg-
length dimension is prefixed with the letter b and the
design throat thickness with the letter a.
 Longitudinal dimensions are symbolized by l and are given on the
right-hand side of the symbol. If the weld is not continuous then
distances between adjacent weld elements are indicated in
parentheses. Unless dimensional indication is added to the
contrary, a fillet weld is assumed to be continuous along the entire
length of the weld. Leg-length dimensions of fillet welds of 3, 4, 5,
6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 25 millimeters are the preferred
sizes.
Applications of dimensions to different types of fillet welds are
given in Table 26.5 in order to indicate the scope of the British
Standard, which should be consulted to fully appreciate this topic.
Table 26.5(a) shows dimensions applied to continuous fillet welds,
(b) shows dimensions applied to intermittent fillet welds, and (c)
shows dimensions applied to staggered intermittent fillet welds .
 Dimensioning Techniques in welding
Task Sheet 2.2.2
Question: Why is dimensioning
important?
LO3. Interpret standard drawing symbols, dimensional
tolerances and notations
Types of welding joints and symbols
Types Of Welding Joints:
 Butt Joint. This type of joint is the most commonly
used welding joint. ...
 Tee Joint. Tee joint and grooved tee joint. ...
 Lap Joint. A modification of the butt joint, where the
material that resides on the same plane is configured to
overlap each other and then fillet welded. ...
 Corner Joint. ...
 Edge Joint.
Welding Symbols

Task Sheet 3.3.1 Self-Check

Question: What are the 5 types of welding
joint?
Welding positions, codes and plan specification


 Welding Code and symbols

FILLET WELD POSITIONS

1F— Flat Fillet Position 3F— Vertical Fillet Position
2F— Horizontal Fillet Position 4F— Overhead Fillet Position
GROOVE WELD POSITIONS (Pipes)
1G— Flat Groove Position
2G— Horizontal Groove Position
3G— Vertical Groove Position
4G— Overhead Groove Position
WELDING CODES AND STANDARDS
 Many aspects of welded component
design and fabrication are governed by
documents known as codes and standards.
Sources of Welding Codes and Standards
• American Welding Society (AWS)
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
• American Petroleum Institute (API).
Task Sheet 3.3.2 Self-Check
Question: What are the fillet weld
position?
Contour Symbol
If a “flat” symbol is used with a
groove weld it will then be called a
flush contour rather than flat. Contour
symbols may also include yet another
element which will show to the right of
the fillet weld symbol above the contour.
These are letter designations which will
be for finishing methods.
Task Sheet 3.3.3 Self-check
Question: What is a contour symbol in
welding?
Welding Process
 WELDING - is a process in which two or more pieces of
metal are joined together by the application of heat, pressure or
a combination of both.
FORGE WELDING - It is the welding process where the
pieces of the joint are heated in a forge, or furnace, and are
fused together with pressure produced by hammer.
BASIC WELDING PROCESS
 SMAW – Shielded metal Arc Welding
 FCAW – Flux Cored Arc Welding
 GMAW – Gas Metal Arc Welding
 GTAW – Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
 SAW – Submerge Arc Welding
Task Sheet 3.3.3 Self-Check
Question: What are the 4 types of
welding process?