Practical

Research 2
Why is research
important?
 Amorado & Talili (2017) enumerated
three (3) importance of research in daily
life.
▪ Research improves a man’s life
▪ Research provides an answer to a question
▪ Research assist decision-making

3
Characteristics of
Research
▪ Objective. Research is objective if it sets
aside biases and prejudices. Analyzing
and interpreting data without being
influenced by the proponent`s personal
feelings in representing facts.

5
▪ Precise. Research is precise if the
proponent/s assure/s that every fact
presented is right, either it is textual or
numerical. Therefore, precision in
research needs exact and accurate data.

6
▪ Verifiable. Research is verifiable if and
only if the facts presented are clear and
complete.

7
▪ Parsimonious. Being parsimonious in
research means reporting facts in simple and
easy to understand presentation and
discussion. Effective research observes
simplicity yet the substantial presentation of
facts.
8
▪ Empirical. Research data that are
obtained from observations or
experiences are therefore considered
empirical.

9
▪ Probabilistic. Proper research has an
inherent deterministic quality. Research is
probabilistic if and only its findings warrant
at least a likelihood of occurrence of certain
events or phenomena under investigation.

10
Research Process
▪ Defining a research problem. In layman`s
term, a research problem is also called a
research topic. A research problem shall be
SMART. Sometimes, researchers tend to
determine or explore possible research
topics.
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▪ Developing a research plan. It is essential
for researchers to develop and establish a
research plan. Aresearch plan may include
aim, background and significance, related
readings, and research design and methods
to use.
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▪ Collecting research data. One of the
essential processes in research is data
collection. This may be done through
interviews, observation, document analysis,
and surveys.

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▪ Analyzing research data. After data
collection, data analysis is the next step.
Data analysis is to be conducted to answer
the research objective.

15
▪ Presenting the findings. Checking the
accuracy and completeness of the research
data is essential before writing and revising
the contents of the research paper; otherwise,
the presentation of data would appear
insufficient and even questionable.

16
▪ Disseminating and utilizing the findings.
Last and one of the essential parts of doing
research is the dissemination and utilization
of its findings. Your accomplished research,
once disseminated and utilized, will become
a baseline for new studies.

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REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
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Let us understand literature first.

Amorado and Talili (2017) defined literature

as any printed material used for research
reference.

19
Moreover, Faltado et al. (2016) pronounced that
literature is written collectively, primarily, that
enduring importance, exhibiting creative
imagination, and artistic skill written in a
particular period, language, and subject.
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This can be in the form of books, magazines,
journals, essays, and other academic
blueprints. In research, this can be in the form
of conference proceedings, refereed journals
(printed or online), and another published
article. 21
The format of a review of related literature
may differ from discipline to discipline and
from the different research standards of the
institution. In theses and dissertations, a review
of related literature is another chapter or may
be part of a chapter.

22
The format of a review of related literature
may differ from discipline to discipline and
from the different research standards of the
institution. In theses and dissertations, a review
of related literature is another chapter or may
be part of a chapter.

23
24
Types of Literature
Argumentative Review. This form examines
literature selectively to support or refute an
argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or
philosophical problem already established in
the literature. The purpose is to develop a body
of literature that establishes the opposite
perspective.
26
Integrative Review. This is considered a form
of research that reviews, critiques,
and synthesizes representative literature on a
topic in an integrated way. It is such
that new frameworks and perspectives on the
topic are generated.
27
Historical Review. The purpose of the
historical review is to systematically
examine past events to give an account of what
has happened in the past. The main focus of
this is to communicate an understanding of
past events.

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Methodological Review. A review does not
always focus on what someone said
but how they came about (method of analysis).

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Systematic Review. The purpose of a
systematic review is to attain a conclusion
regarding the chosen topic.

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Theoretical Review. This form aims to
examine the body of theory accumulated
regarding an issue, concept, theory, and
phenomena. The theoretical literature review
helps to establish what theories already exist,
their relationship between them, to what degree
the existing theories have been investigated,
and to develop a new hypothesis to be tested. 31
Theoretical Review. The theoretical literature
review helps to establish what theories already
exist, their relationship between them, to what
degree the existing theories have been
investigated, and to develop a new hypothesis
to be tested.

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CRITERIA IN
WRITING AN RRL
Amorado and Talili (2017) have identified the
criteria for writing the literature review for
academic integrity. This is to remind the
researchers that a researcher should properly
select relevant literature and properly cite
them.

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Appropriateness. There is much relevant
literature on the internet that could somehow
be related or connected to your study.
However, the question here is appropriateness.
This refers to the suitability of the literature to
the research topic or problem being studied.

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Reliability. Information can be accessed
anywhere and anytime. However, in the field
of research, are all these references (online or
offline) credible and trustworthy? Better use
the most reliable one.

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Identifiability. Now, your literature is
appropriate and coming from a reliable source.
Next is, can this literature be easy to identify
by properly citing it?

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Recency. As time goes by, knowledge is
changing, information is modifying, and
theories are developing. It is much better if
research may cite literature produced, used,
and published as part of the latest trend except
for those classical theories and concepts that
are still utilized today.
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ATTRIBUTING
OR CITING
LITERATURE
In research, it is necessary and mandatory to
credit the authors once their ideas are used or
cited in one`s study. Unless if the idea is
original, then there is no need to cite the
author. However, most of the research, they
borrow ideas; thus, they need to credit the
authors.
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▪ American Sociological Association (ASA)
▪ American Psychological Association (APA)
▪ Harvard Business School
▪ American Political Science Association
▪ Chicago Manual Style
▪ Modern Language Association (MLA)
▪ Linguistic Society of America (LSA)
▪ American Mathematical Society (AMS)
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42
Reference description
(Book with 1 author)
Author's last name, First initial. Middle initial (if any). (Year of
publication). Title of book. Publisher.

McCrae, R. R. (1993). Moderated analyses of longitudinal personality stability. Journal

of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(3), 577-585.

Calfee, R.C., & Valencia, R.R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 43
In-text Citation

44
Citation description
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year
of publication, for example: (Field, 2005).

Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your

narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the
word and. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic
citation, use &.
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In-text citations may be parenthetical or narrative.
Reference:
Calfee, R.C., & Valencia, R.R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Parenthetical:
(Calfee & Valencia, 1991)
Narrative:
Calfee and Valencia (1991)
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Citation description
▪ One author: (Field, 2005)
▪ Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
▪ Three or more authors: (Tremblay et al., 2010)

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Example paragraph with in-text citation

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs

designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech
(Derwing et al., 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on
the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with
exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training
with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals
who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.

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Try it out!

49
Author: Barbara Oakley,
Title:
A mind for numbers : how to excel at m
ath and science (even if you flunked alg
ebra)

Publication info.: New York : Jeremy P.

Author: Analyn O. Leysa, Filmor A.
Malnegro
Title: Exploring the Predictors and
Outcomes of Academic Resilience
among College Students
Link: https://ejournals.ph/article.php?
id=11220 [2016]
What’s wrong?
Find and correct the errors in the following in-text
citations according to APA referencing conventions.
(Sheret, Sultana and
Sotir 2016)
(Yeo, Oh, Pyke,
McDonald 1998)
(Charman 2007)
(Copyright Act
1968)
(Minogue 1968,
Lopez 1971)
What’s correct?
(Sheret, Sultana and
Sotir 2016)
(Sheret, Sultana &
Sotir, 2016)
(Yeo, Oh, Pyke,
McDonald 1998)
(Yeo et al., 1998)
(Charman 2007)
(Charman, 2007)
(Copyright Act
1968)
(Copyright Act,
1968)
(Minogue 1968,
Lopez 1971)
(Minogue, 1968;
Lopez, 1971)
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE:
ISSUE ON
PLAGIARISM
The elements of research integrity are appropriateness,
reliability, identifiability, and recency. If these four (4)
elements are present in
the literature, then, the RRL is proper. However, it is highly
evident that researchers' primary
and primal crime is an intellectual crime called
PLAGIARISM.

70
Plagiarism uses someone else`s words or ideas and passes
them off as your own (Faltado et al., 2016). Additionally,
it is defined as stealing another's work and claiming it as
one`s own (Amorado & Talili, 2017).

71
As cited by Roig (2002), the most recognized intellectual
crime and the most severe violations of the contact
between the reader and the writer is
plagiarism. It is significant to be reminded that intellectual
rights are protected by law under RA
8293 or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
(See/Download RA 8293
uploaded to Schoology).
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THEORETICAL /
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
This is another part of the research manuscript where the
author or the researcher search for underpinning
knowledge called theories that could somehow support the
findings of their research or support the existence of the
problem. A researcher shall ask himself if any theories
could be linked to the study conducted.

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For example, if you are doing research in language education
studies and then are studying models of public speaking, you
may use the Linear Model of Communication introduced by
Shannon and Weaver (1949). Another, if you are doing
research which is trying to assess the needs of learners, you
may use the Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Abraham Maslow.
Other researches also used the findings of the existing studies
as a theory.

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This is another part of the research manuscript where the
author or the researcher search for underpinning
knowledge called theories that could somehow support the
findings of their research or support the existence of the
problem. A researcher shall ask himself if any theories
could be linked to the study conducted.

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While conceptually/theoretically defined means that you
have included terms defined by a particular author or group
of authors. Make sure to cite the source of the idea
properly.

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