Control Statements in C

Selection statement and Iteration Statements

Control Structures/Statements
• A program consists of a number of statements which are usually
executed in sequence. Programs can be much more powerful if we
can control the order in which statements are run.

• Statements fall into three general types;

1. Assignment, where values, usually the results of calculations, are stored in
variables.
2. Input / Output, data is read in or printed out.
3. Control, the program makes a decision about what to do next.
Control Statement Continued…
Control statements in C are used Control
to write powerful programs by; statements

1. Selecting between optional Selection Iteration

sections of a program. Statements statements
2. Repeating important sections of
the program. The if else The while loop &
statement Do while loop

The switch
The for loop
statements
If Selection Statement
• Selection structure
• Choose among alternative courses of action Syntax:
if ( condition )
• Pseudocode example: {
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 statement ;
}
Printf “Passed”
• If the condition is true
• Print statement executed, program continues to next statement
• If the condition is false
• Print statement ignored, program continues
If Structure
• Translation into C
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 if ( grade >= 60 ) {
Print “Passed” printf("Passed“);}

• if structure
• Single-entry/single-exit A decision can be made on
any expression.
zero - false
true nonzero - true
grade >= 60 print “Passed”
Example:
3 - 4 is true

false
If-Else Structure FLOW Chart

• if
• Performs action if condition true False True
Test Condition
• if/else
• Different actions if conditions true or false
• Pseudocode Executable Y - Statement Executable X - Statement

if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

print “Passed”
else
print “Failed”
Syntax:
• C code if ( condition )
{
if ( grade >= 60 ) }
statement 1 ; (if the condition is true this statement will be executed)

printf("Passed“); else
{
else statement 2 ; (if the condition is false this statement will be executed)
printf("Failed“); }
Else-If Structure
• Nested if/else structures • Example
One inside another, test for multiple cases
Once condition met, other statements skipped
if ( grade >= 90 ) // 90 and above
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print “A” printf("A“);
else else if ( grade >= 80 ) // 80-89
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80 pritnf("B“);
Print “B”
else
else if ( grade >= 70 ) // 70-79
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70 printf("C");
Print “C” else if ( grade >= 60 ) // 60-69
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 printf("D“);
Print “D” else // less than 60
else printf("F“);
Print “F”
 FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_1 Exec. Stat_1

FALSE
TRUE

Control Flow of else-if Test Condition_2 Exec. Stat_2

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_3 Exec. Stat_3

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_n

Exec. Stat_X Exec. Stat_n

Compound statement
• Set of statements within a pair of braces
if ( grade >= 60 )
printf("Passed\n“);
else {
printf("Failed\n“);
printf("You must take this course again\n“);
}
• Without braces,
printf("You must take this course again\n“);
always executed
• Block
Set of statements within braces
Switch Statement

• The control statements which allow us to make a decision from the

number of choices is called switch (or) Switch-case statement.

• It is a multi way decision statement, it test the given variable (or)

expression against a list of case value.

• The switch statement is very useful while writing menu driven

programs.
 TRUE
EXPR==VALUE_1 Starts execution from this case

Switch Case Statement

FALSE
Syntax and Flow Chart
TRUE
EXPR==VALUE_2 Starts execution from this case

Syntax

FALSE
Switch ( expression )
{
TRUE
EXPR==VALUE_3 Starts execution from this case
case value_1: set of statements;
case value_2: Setof Statements;

FALSE
case value_3: Set of Statements;
default: Set of Statements; Flow Chart
} EXPR==VALUE_1

Starts execution from default case

Rules for Switch Statement
The expression in the switch statement must be an integer or character constant.
No real numbers are used in an expression.
The default is optional and can be placed anywhere, but usually placed at end.
The case keyword must be terminated with colon (:);
No two case constant are identical.
The values of switch expression is compared with case constant in the order
specified i.e from top to bottom.
The compound statements are no need to enclose within pair of braces.
Integer Expression used in different case statements can be specified in any order.