WATER

BY: Rayan Alam

Learning objective :
✧ In the end of the chapter students will be able
to tell what is water cycle, waves, tides, ocean
current.
✧ Most of the students will be able to answer the
quiz.
What is water ?
✧ Water is essential for life, covering about 71% of the Earth's surface. It
plays a crucial role in various biological processes, serving as a universal
solvent and medium for chemical reactions. Beyond its importance for
hydration, water is vital for ecosystems, supporting diverse aquatic life.
Unfortunately, water scarcity is a global concern, emphasizing the need
for responsible water management and conservation efforts.
Water Cycle
✧ The water cycle describes how water is exchanged (cycled) through
Earth's land, ocean, and atmosphere. Water always exists in all three
phases, and in many forms—as lakes and rivers, glaciers and ice sheets,
oceans and seas, underground aquifers, and vapor in the air and clouds.
✧ Evaporation, Condensation, and Precipitation
✧ The water cycle consists of three major
processes: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
Evaporation
✧ Evaporation is the process of a liquid's surface changing to a gas. In the water
cycle, liquid water (in the ocean, lakes, or rivers) evaporates and becomes water
vapor.
✧ Water vapor surrounds us, as an important part of the air we breathe. Water vapor
is also an important greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases such as water vapor and
carbon dioxide insulate Earth and keep the planet warm enough to maintain life as
we know it. Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere also
contribute to global warming.
✧ The water cycle's evaporation process is driven by the sun. As the sun interacts
with liquid water on the surface of the ocean, the water becomes an invisible gas
(water vapor). Water vapor is also an important greenhouse gas
Condensation
✧ Condensation is the process of a gas changing to a liquid. In the water
cycle, water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and becomes liquid.
✧ Condensation can happen high in the atmosphere or at ground
level. Clouds form as water vapor condenses, or becomes more
concentrated (dense). Water vapor condenses around tiny particles
called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). CCN can be specks of dust, salt,
or pollutants. Clouds at ground level are called fog or mist.
✧ Like evaporation, condensation is also influenced by the sun. As
water vapor cools, it reaches its saturation limit, or dew point. Air
pressure is also an important influence on the dew point of an area.
Precipitation
✧ As is the case with evaporation and condensation, precipitation is a
process. Precipitation describes any liquid or solid water that falls to Earth
as a result of condensation in the atmosphere. Precipitation includes rain,
snow, and hail.
✧ Fog is not precipitation. The water in fog does not condense sufficiently to
precipitate, or liquefy and fall to Earth. Fog and mist are a part of the
water cycle called suspensions: They are liquid water suspended in the
atmosphere.
✧ Precipitation is one of many ways water is cycled from the atmosphere to
the earth or ocean.
Water Cycle
Waves (:
✧ Waves are formed in oceans or seas when the wind blows
across the water surface. The shape and size of the wave
depend on the speed of the prevailing winds. In the waves, the
surface water rises and falls. The actual forward motion of the
water particles in a wave is limited. Therefore,waves travels
great distances,but the water particles remain same place. The
rise and fall of water in a wave represent crest and troughs
respectively.The horizontal distance from one crest to another
or from one through to another is called wave length. The
vertical distance from crest to through is called wave height.
Competition Window:
✧ The wavelength is calculated from the wave speed and frequency by λ =
wave speed/frequency.
✧ The formula to calculate λ= v/f .
✧ WhereWater vapor is also an important greenhouse gas means wave
length,v means velocity, f means frequency .
✧ It was made by a French mathematician and physicist Jean-Baptiste
Joseph Fourier.
This is the Diagram
Tides....
✧ Tides are the periodic rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational
forces exerted by the moon and the sun on Earth's oceans. The
gravitational pull of the moon is stronger on the side of Earth facing the
moon, creating a "bulge" of water, while a second bulge occurs on the
opposite side due to the centrifugal force caused by Earth's rotation.
Similarly, the sun's gravitational pull contributes to tidal patterns.
High Tides And Low Tides
✧ High Tides and Low Tides:
✧ High Tides: High tides are the points in the tidal cycle where sea levels
are at their maximum. There are typically two high tides each day.
✧ Low Tides: Low tides occur when sea levels are at their minimum. Like
high tides, there are usually two low tides each day.
Spring and Neap Tides
✧ Spring Tides:
✧ Spring tides are the result of the combined gravitational forces of the moon and
the sun. They occur during the full moon and new moon phases when the sun,
Earth, and moon are aligned. During spring tides, the high tides are higher, and
the low tides are lower than usual.
✧ Neap Tides:
✧ Neap tides occur during the first and third quarters of the moon when the
gravitational forces of the moon and the sun act at right angles to each other.
This configuration results in lower high tides and higher low tides compared to
the average tidal range.
Ocean current
✧ Ocean currents are continuous, directed movements of seawater that flow along the
Earth's ocean surfaces. These currents play a crucial role in regulating climate,
redistributing heat, and influencing marine ecosystems. They can be classified into
two main types: surface currents and deep ocean currents.
Surface Currents:
✧ Causes: Surface currents are primarily driven by the wind. The wind imparts its
energy to the ocean's surface, causing water to move in the direction of the prevailing
winds.
✧ Major Currents: Major surface currents include the Gulf Stream in the North
Atlantic, the California Current off the western coast of North America, and the
Agulhas Current in the Indian Ocean.
Deep Ocean current
✧ Deep Ocean Currents:
✧ Causes: Deep ocean currents, also known as thermohaline currents, are
driven by differences in water temperature (thermo-) and salinity (haline).
Cold, dense water sinks, and warmer, less dense water rises, creating a
slow, deep circulation system.
✧ Global Conveyor Belt: The global thermohaline circulation is often
referred to as the "global conveyor belt" because it involves a complex
network of interconnected currents circulating throughout the world's
oceans.
✧Quiz Time !

✧What dose CCN stands for ?

✧Water vapor is also an important greenhouse gas. Explain?
✧Which tides occour during full moon and new moon?
✧Deep ocean current is also know as ?
✧Explain 3 major process in water cycle ?
✧Water is also know as ?
✧As water vapor cools, it reaches its ___________.
✧Fog is not precipitation.True or False Explain it?
✧___________ is also an important influence on the dew point of an area.
 Answer

Cloud Condensation Nuclei

Water vapor is also an important greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases such as water vapor and carbon
oxide insulate Earth and keep the planet warm enough to maintain life as we know it.
Spring tide
thermohaline currents
Evaporation: The process where water from oceans, lakes, and rivers transforms into water vapor due to solar
at.
Condensation: Water vapor in the atmosphere cools and forms clouds, tiny water droplets
for ice crystals
Precipitation: Water falls back to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, completing the cycle and replenishing
rface water sources
Universal solvent
Dew point

True,The water in fog does not condense sufficiently to precipitate, or liquefy and fall to Earth. Fog and mist are
art of the water cycle called suspensions

Air pressure