INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF

LEARNERS IN UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

SCHOOLS IN MASHERUKA SUB COUNTY
SHEEMA DISTRICT

Alex BAGUMIRE
21/VUST / BEP/0104

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TOTHE FACULTY OF EDUCATION

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF BACHELOR OF DEGREE IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
OF VALLEY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This section contains background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives,
research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, and conceptual frame work.
Background Information Global Perspective
According to Hussain and Safdar (2008) development of educational technology especially
with the use of audio-visual aids increasingly substitutes the burden of teaching. This is
particularly the case for developed countries where visual aids are strongly integrated with
teaching curriculums in order to complement pupils’ learning. In developed countries,
studies related to the use of visual aids and pupils’ performance have been carried out in
Unites States of America, United Kingdom, Australia and Japan.
1.1.2 Continental Perspective
Isola (2010) also described instructional materials as objects or devices that assist the teachers to present
their lessons logically and sequentially to the learners. Obanya (2004) asserted that several studies carried
out in some areas in Nigeria indicated that the results of Common Entrance Examination were completely
bad in nearly all subjects offered by the Pupils.
1.1.3 Regional Perspective
In Tanzania, Kaswa (2015) investigated the contribution of visual learning aids to pupils’ academic performance. In a
study which was carried out in Magu District in Tanzania, it was discovered that visual learning aids were effective in
enabling pupils learning compared to presentations by words alone.
1.1.4 National Perspective
Astudy carried out by Lakot (2014) in Uganda revealed that visual aids have strong influence in improving
performance of pupils. The study recommended that adequacy and accessibility of visual aids should be highly
regarded in order for the core value of subjects to be passed from generation to generation.
1.1.5 Local Perspective
Poor performance and low academic achievement of pupils are becoming an enigma and a source of worry to
stakeholders in Masheruka Sub County Sheema District education project. This situation has disconcerted
researchers, educators and pupils themselves. The increase in unsocial and antisocial behaviours of children and
youths has been linked to poor achievement in social studies in primary schools.
Statement of the Problem
Most teachers in primary schools in Masheruka Sub County Sheema District do not fully make use of instructional
materials in the teaching subjects to their pupils. This negligence of the effective use of the instructional facilities
and materials in teaching and learning is common to both the trained and untrained teachers and this have affected
Pupils ’ Academic Performance in selected Universal Primary Education Schools in Masheruka Sub County Sheema
District. If this problem is not solved, pupils may continue failing every year. Thus it is upon this problem statement
that the researcher will wish to investigate the effect of instructional Materials on academic performance of
learners in Universal Primary Education Schools in Masheruka Sub County Sheema District
1.3 Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of instructional Materials on academic performance of
learners in Universal Primary Education schools in Masheruka Sub County Sheema District
1.4 Major Objectives of the Study
Objectives of this study will to;
To identify the available instructional materials used in selected Universal Primary Education schools in
Masheruka Sub County Sheema District
To identify the factors affecting academic performance of pupils in Universal Primary Education Schools in
Masheruka Sub County Sheema District
To determine whether teachers use instructional materials in selected Universal Primary Education schools in
Masheruka Sub County Sheema District.
To suggest measures taken to minimize the challenges of attaining and using Quality Instructional Materials in
Universal Primary Education Schools in Masheruka Sub County Sheema District.
1.7 Significance of the Study
Findings from this study will be significant to pupils, teachers, curriculum planners, ministry of education and the
society at large.
The study will enhance teachers‟ teaching effectiveness and productivity. The use of instructional materials
provides alternative channels of communication which a teacher can use to compress information and make
them more vivid to his learners.
To the curriculum planners, findings from this study will help them in making proper planning for the place of
instructional materials while planning subjects’ curriculum.
1.8 Justification of the study
School finance trends in Masheruka Sub County Sheema District have shown a notable decrease in funding for
educational facilities (MoE, 2014). However, studies are needed to draw a clear comparison between the
quality of instructional materials in Primary schools and academic outcomes. In order for the government to
support educational reform that will boost pupil performance, they will need to understand the level of
relationship between instructional materials and academic performance.
• CHAPTER TWO
• LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the literature that is related to the objectives and themes of the study.
2.1 Theoretical Perspective
Instructional Material Theories. Instructional material theories assume that there is a direct link between the materials that
the teachers use, and the pupils’ learning outcomes.
2.2 Instructional materials used
Acording to Omabe, (2006) in the study on challenges faced by head teachers in implementing education program in Wajir
also posits that there is a major challenge on adequacy of physical facilities in most schools in the district, the only adequate
materials available are textbooks, but the schools are in dire need of facilities like classrooms, toilets, desks. Chairs, resource
rooms as well teaching aids, and recommended that a larger percentage of government funds be diverted to cater for TLR.
2.3 The factors affecting academic performance of pupils
Different researchers carried out studies and found out different factors affecting academic performance of pupils. According
to Emmanuel et al (2012). opined that Teachers’ Morale and Motivation demands on teachers are increasing, there is
mounting evidence that teachers’ morale and status are falling. Declining morale has serious implications for the recruitment
and retention of teachers as well as for pupils’ performance.
2.4 Teachers use of teaching aids in primary schools
According to Afolabi, & Adeleke, (2010) the followings were some of the reasons for using instructional materials, a good
instructional material can supplement spoken or written words; It can bring teaching to life in a way that words can not
express and Words can describe people, places and objects but a picture immediately brings reality
3.3 Target population
The target population of this study will consist of 4 selected Universal Primary Education Schools in Masheruka
Sub County Sheema District and they will include; Kagazi Primary School, Nyabwiina Primary School, Nyakayojo
Primary School and Kyabuharambo Primary School. The study will target 4 Head teachers, 30 Teachers and 270
pupils. The total target population will be 304 people
• 3.3.2 Sample size
The sample size will be 4 selected Universal Primary Education Schools and it will include 20 teachers, 160
pupils and 4 Head teachers, it will comprise of both sexes but of different groups. Thus a total of 184
respondents will be sampled.
Table 1: Sample size
Category Target population Sample size Method

Head teacher 04 04 Purposive sampling

Pupils 270 160 Random sampling

Teachers 30 20 Random sampling

TOTAL 304 184

3.4 Sampling techniques
The study will use random sampling technique thus it will include Teachers and Pupils since their population will be big.
Similarly, purposive sampling will be used for the selection of Head teachers. Since the population of the school to be
sampled is small all Head teachers of the four selected schools will participate as respondents.
3.5 Data Collection Methods
3.5.1 Questionnaires
Questionnaires are designed to fulfill a specific research objective. The questionnaire that will be used will be semi-
structured, thus containing both open and close-ended questions, and linkert scale.
3.5.2 Interview
The researcher will use an interview guide to collect information from Head teachers.
3.6. Data Collection Procedures
In this study, the researcher will obtain an introductory letter from the Faculty of Education Valley University of science and
Technology which will be presented to the Head teachers for information and to seek permission.
3.7 Data quality control
3.7.1 Data presentation
This refers to a series of actions or steps performed on data to verify, organize, transform, integrate, and extract data in an
appropriate output form for subsequent use. Responses to questions in the questionnaires will be checked for errors, edited,
coded, Tabulated and entered in Microsoft excel.
3.7.2 Data Analysis
The analysis will be descriptive. Data will be analyzed using quantitative methods, edited, categorized and presented in
percentages from frequency tables, graphs and pie-charts for easy interpretation. In the case of open-ended questions, all
responses to questions will be noted and arranged into meaningful trends. This will be validated with data collected from
interviews.
3.8 Validity and reliability of instruments
3.8.1. Validity of instruments
For this study, the researcher will seek assistance from research experts, experienced graduates,
lecturers and in particular the experienced supervisors who will examine the instruments and
give feedback and their recommendations will be incorporated to improve the instruments. The
instruments will be piloted in one school outside Masheruka Sub County Sheema District.
Adjustments will be made to assess the questionnaires in relation to the objectives of the study.
3.8.2. Reliability of instruments
To enhance reliability; pilot study will be conducted where the questionnaires are administered.
The reason for this pre –test will improve reliability of the instruments by discarding and
modifying the instrument to improve quality of the instrument thereby increasing its reliability.
3.9 Limitations of the study and how they will be handled
The researcher will face financial constraints as he will be self-sponsored and there will be a
number of issues that require division of the same limited funds and financial crunch in terms of
transport, personal subsistence and secretarial services, among others.
The researcher will be endeavored to work in the minimum budget possible; spending the
available funds sparingly. The researcher will try to be flexible and adjustable to the
respondents’ schedules to avoid inconveniencing their work.
3.10 Ethical considerations.
3.10.1 Approval
Approval and letter of introduction will be obtained from faculty of Education Valley
University of Science and Technology
3.10.2 Consent
Participants will be provided with information regarding the research to seek consent. Each
participant’s choice to participate or not will be respected and data collected from
participants will be kept confidential. The researcher will seek approval from Institutional
Research Ethics Committee of Valley University of Science and Technology since the
research involves human subjects with a view to safeguard their dignity, rights, safety and
well-being.
Participation in the study will be voluntary to whoever is willing to be part without any
force. Participants will have the right to withdraw from the study anytime and no risks will
be involved in participating.
3.10.3 Privacy protection
Identifiable information such as name of participant will not be included while filling out
the data collection forms for privacy purposes.
• REFERENCES
• Abass B. T., Bimbo A. & Ojo A. O. (2012). Effects of animated agricultural Science Instructional
Package on attitude and performance of Junior Primary School Pupils in South-West Nigeria.
Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci. 3(1):425-435.
• Abdu-Raheem, B. O. (2014). Improvisation of instructional materials for teaching and learning
in primary schoolsas predictor of high academic standard. Nigerian Journal of Social Studies,
2(1), 131-143.
• Abdu-Raheem, B.O., & Oluwagbohunmi, M.F. (2015). Pre-service teachers‟ problems of
improvisation of instructional materials in social studies in Ekiti State University. Journal of
Education and Practice, 6(3), 160-163.
• Abdu-Raheem, B. O. (2011). Availability, adequacy and utilisation of social studies instructional
materials in Ekiti State primary schools. Journal of Current Discourse and Research, 3, 242-255.
• Afolabi, S. S., & Adeleke, J.O. (2010). Assessment of resources and instructional materials status
in the teaching of mathematics in south western Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific
Research, 43(1), 406-410.
• Agina-Obu, T.N. (2005). The relevance of instructional materials in teaching and learning. In I.
Robert-Okah & K.C. Uzoeshi (Eds.), Theories and practice of teaching, Port Harcourt: Harey
publication
2.5 Strategies to Minimize the Challenges of Attaining and using Quality Instructional Materials
According to studies done by Abodelraheem & Al-Rabane (2005), Udosen (2011) and Ibe-Bassey (2012) some creation of
improvised media of low technological materials and resource-centred learning can enlarge the limited knowledge base of
any course of study and enrich instruction to a guaranteed quality.
2.6 Research Knowledge Gap
Generally, the surveyed literature gave information on the use of instructional materials, problems facing teachers in relation
to visual aids as well as impact of instructional materials in pupils learning. However, in all the literature surveyed there is no
study on the impact of instructional materials in relation to pupils’ academic performance in Masheruka Sub County Sheema
District. Therefore, this study anticipated to fill that gap.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
The chapter presented research design, Study population, sample size and sampling procedures, research instruments,
procedures of data collection and data analysis.
3.1 Study Area
The study will be carried out in selected Universal Primary Education schools in Masheruka Sub County Sheema District.
3.1 Research design
The study will use descriptive survey design.