ANCHORAGE

Group B

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PARTICIPANTS
1. ANDREW MGENI
2. GODLUCK MNYAMBEO
3. NELSON MSAE
4. LIGHTNESS MBILA
5. KELVIN MREMI
6. IGNAS SENKONDO

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OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
3. TYPES OF ANCHORAGE
4. FACTOR AFFECTING ANCHORAGE
5. ANCHORAGE PLANNING

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Introduction
• ANCHORAGE : is the nature and degreeof resistance of displacement
offered by an anatomic unit.
• It is the resistance used to overcome the reaction of an applied force.
• ANCHORAGE UNITS : The areas or unitswhich provide this undesirable
movements.

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Intro cnt…
• According to Newton’s third law of motion,to every action there is
equal and opposite reaction.
• In accordance with this law, the forces used to move teeth may
induce an equal and opposite force on the anchorage units tending to
cause their movement which is not desirable.

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Indication of anchorage
• Complex Malocclusions;Severe misalignments that require additional
support for precise tooth movement.
• Difficult Tooth Repositioning: Cases demanding intricate adjustments
beyond routine orthodontic procedures.
• Enhanced Control:Situations where extra stability is necessary for
optimal control during treatment.

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Contrandication of anchorage
• Poor Bone Quality: Patients with compromised bone density or
quality may not be suitable for certain anchorage devices.
• Systemic Conditions Affecting Healing:
• Medical conditions that impede the healing process may pose risks in
using anchorage devices.
• Patient Compliance: Unwillingness or inability of the patient to adhere
to proper maintenance of anchorage devices.
• Treatment Goals:Tailoring anchorage strategies based on the specific
objectives of the orthodontic treatment plan.

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Sources of anchorage
• Anchorage during orthodontic therapy ismainly obtained from two
sources.
1) Intraoral sources
2) Extraoral sources

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1. Intraoral anchorage
• The intraoral sources of anchorage include the teeth, alveolar bone,
the basal jawbone, and the musculature.

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Teeth
• Size and number of roots - large surface area & multirooted teeth
provides high resistance.
• Root length - deeper the root embeded provide high resistance.
• Position of tooth in the dental arch - eg. Mandibular second molar is
located between two ridges of basal bone, so offer more resistance to
bodily movement.

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Teeth cont….
• Inclination of tooth-greater resistance to displacement is offered
when the forces exerted to move a teeth is opposite to that of axial
inclination.
• Ankylosed tooth- it is direct attached to alveolar bone therefore offer
excellent anchorage.

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Alveolar bone
• The alveolar bone that surrounds a tooth offers resistance to tooth
movement up to a certain amount of force.

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Basal bone
• Certain areas of the basal jawbones are available intra-orally as
sources of anchorage.
• These areas include the hard palate and the lingual surface of the
mandible in the region of the roots.

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Musculature
• Abnormal hypotonic musculature causes flaring and spacing of teeth
while hypertonic muscles exert restrictive forces in a lingual direction.

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2. Extra oral sources
• They are mainly used when adequate resistance cannot be obtained
from intraoral sources.
• The extraoral sources of anchorage include the cranium, the back of
the neck and the facial bones.

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The cranium
• Extraoral anchorage can be obtained by using headgears that derive
anchorage from the occipital or parietal region of the cranium.

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Cervical anchorage
• Extraoral anchorage can alternatively be obtained from the neck or
cervical region.
• Such a type of headgear is called cervical headgear.

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Facial bones
• The frontal bone and the mandibular symphysis offer anchorage
during face mask therapy inorder to protract the maxilla.
• Headgears that make use of anchorage from the forehead and chin
are called reverse headgears.

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Classification of anchorage

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Classification based on number of anchorage units

• single or primary
• compound
• reinforced

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Cont…

• Single or primary anchorage resistance is provided by a single tooth

with greater alveolar support is used to move another tooth with
lesser support
• Compound anchorage resistance is provided by more than one tooth
with greater support is used to move teeth with lesser support
• reinforced or multiple anchorage when more than one type pf
resistance unity is utilized that mean augmentation of anchorage by
various means such as extraoral appliances upper anterior inclined
plane or transpalatal arch connecting the two maxillary molar

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Classification based on manner of force application

• simple anchorage
• stationary anchorage
• reciprocal anchorage

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Cont…

• Simple anchorage is dental anchorage in which the manner and

application of forces is such that tend to change the axial inclination
of the tooth. Thus the resistance of the anchorage unit of tipping is
utilized to move another tooth or teeth
• Stationary is a dental anchorage in which the manner and application
of forces tends to displace the anchorage unit bodily in the plane of
space in which the forces is being applied
• Reciprocal anchorage refer to the resistances offered by two
malposed units when the dissipation of equal and opposites forces
tends to move each unit towards a more normal occlusion

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Classification based on site of anchorage
• Intraoral
• Extraoral
• Muscular

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Classification based on the jaws involved

• intramaxillary anchorage when all unit offer resistance are within he

same jaw
• intermaxillary anchorage the resistance unit situated in one jaw are
used to affect tooth movement in the opposing jaw also is called
bakers anchorage

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FACTORS AFFECTING ANCHORAGE
Can be divided into;
1.Biological factors.
2.Mechanical factors.

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BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

1.Size of anchor unit.

Anchorage value depends on the size of the anchor unit. Increasing the
number of teeth in the anchor unit improves the anchorage and
minimizes unwanted tooth movement.
2.Axial inclination of tooth.
Distoaxial inclination of lower posterior teeth is better in anchorage
control when compared to mesial inclination.
3.Delaying extraction of tooth.

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Cont…..

4. Anchorage savers: These are adjunctive procedures employed during

tooth movement that reduces the burden on tooth anchorage, e.g.
(i) transpalatal arches, Nance palatal arch, headgear.
(ii) lip bumpers and functional appliance
5.Use of optimum force.
6. Abnormal muscular force or persistent habits.
8. Teeth: A multirooted tooth is more resistant to displacement than a
single-rooted tooth; a longer-rooted tooth is more difficult to move than
a shorter-rooted tooth; a triangular-shaped root offers greater resistance
to movement than a conical or ovoid-shaped root.
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 MECHANICAL FACTORS.

• 1. Friction: Friction is an important mechanical factor.is of the opinion

that frictional resistance increases the strain on anchorage unit.
Frictional resistance is high with nitinol wires and ceramic brackets
whereas frictional resistance is low with stainless steel wires and SS
brackets.
i. Type of tooth movement planned: Frictional resistance is more with
bodily movement and during space closure
ii. Technique employed: Friction varies depending upon the retraction
mechanics employed in fixed appliances. It is more in sliding
mechanics

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 Anchorage loss
Anchorage loss is defined as the undesirable movement of the anchor
tooth in excess to that of the planned treatment.

Reasons for anchorage loss.

I. Excessive force
II. Improper anchorage preparation .
III. Improper treatment planning.
IV. Resistance between arch wire and brackets

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 Methods to prevent anchorage loss

I. Use of optimum orthodontic force

II. By using anchorage savers, like transpalatal arches, lingual arches,

Nance palatal arches

III. Reinforcement of anchorage.

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