ANCHORAGE = resistance to unwanted tooth movement.

ANCHORAGE UNITS : The areas or units which provide this undesirable movement.
Factors Affecting Anchorage
• Teeth
• Root forms

• Round – resistance is same in any direction

• Flat – resist tooth movement in M-D direction eg. mand. Incisors & molars , buccal roots of max.
molars ( tripod arrangement of roots )

• Triangular – offers greater resistance to movement. Eg. Maxillary canine & lateral incisor
• Size n no. of roots – large surface area & multirooted teeth > resistance

• Root length – deeper the root embedded > resistance

• Position of tooth in the dental arch – eg. Mandibular 2 nd molar is located between two ridges
of basal bone , so offer more resistance to bodily movement

• Inclination of tooth – axial inclination is in opposite direction to force , greater resistance

Classification
Acc. to manner of the force application as:
• Simple
• Stationary
• Reciprocal

Acc. to the jaws involved as :

• Intra maxillary
• Inter maxillary
Acc. to the site of anchorage
• Intra oral
• Extra oral
• Muscular

Acc.to the no. of anchorage units as :

• Simple
• Compound
• Reinforced
Acc. to White n Gardner
• Simple
• Stationary
• Reciprocal
• Reinforced
• Inter maxillary
 • Extra oral
• Cortical
• Absolute (skeletal)
Sources of Anchorage
INTRA –ORAL :
• Individual teeth
• Multiple tooth units
• Occluding teeth

OTHERS :
• Holding Arches
• Basal bone
• Neck cranium
• Occipital region

MUSCULATURE : lip bumper

Within the same jaw ( either maxilla or mandible )
● Eg. Elastic chains. Class I elastics

When the anchorage units situated in the one jaw are used to provide the force required to move teeth in the
opposing jaw. Also called “BAKER’S ANCHORAGE”

• When class II elastics are used to retract the maxillary anteriors , the anchorage units are situated in
the mandibular arch
• When class III elastics are used to retract the mandibular anteriors , the anchorage units are situated
in the maxillary arch

Simple Anchorage
• When the manner & application of force is such that it tends to change the axial inclination of the
tooth or teeth that forms the anchorage unit in the plane of the space in which the force is applied.

• Simple anchorage is obtained by engaging a greater number of teeth than are to be moved
“the root surface area of the anchorage unit should be at least double that of the units to be moved”
Anterior retraction with the help of a HAWLEY’S appliance

The movement of a single tooth using a screw appliance

Stationary Anchorage
• When the application of force tends to displace the anchorage unit bodily in the plane of space in
which force is being applied

• The anchorage potential of teeth being moved bodily is considerably greater as compare to teeth being
moved using a tipping force.
Mandibular molars are bodily pitted against the tipping forces of the maxillary anteriors.
• When two teeth or two sets of teeth move equally in opposite direction

• Here the root surface area of the anchorage unit is equal to that of the teeth to be moved

• The effect of the forces exerted is equal.

• Cross elastics for correction of crossbites

• Arch expansion using a mid-line screw

The resistance provided by single tooth with greater alveolar support is used to move another tooth with
lesser alveolar support.

Eg. Molar being used to retract a pre molar

The resistance is provided by more than one tooth with greater support is used to move teeth with less
support.

Eg. Retracting incisors using loop mechanics

Reinforced Anchorage
The anchorage units are reinforced by the use of more than one type of resistance units.
● The extra oral structure most commonly used are :

• Cervical region
• The occiput
• The forehead
• The chin
EXTRA ORAL FORCES TO AUGMENT ANCHORAGE
Peri oral musculature is not so strong but also resilient.
The forces generated by the musculature sometimes used to bring about tooth movement.

Eg: Lip bumper appliance

(to distalize mandibular 1st molars)
Cortical Anchorage
Different response of cortical compared with medullary bone.

Cortical bone is more resistant to resorption, and tooth movement is slowed when a root contacts it.

Skeletal (Absolute) Anchorage

No tooth movement except what was desired
Micro implants
Mini implants
Onplants
Ankylosed teeth
Conventional prosthetic implants
Palatine implants

It is the movement of the reaction unit or the anchor unit instead of the teeth to be moved.

Depending on anchorage loss : -

• Maximum anchorage case

• Moderate anchorage case
 • Minimum anchorage case
MAXIMUM ANCHORAGE CASES
Anchorage demand is very high

Not more than ¼th of the extraction space should be lost by forward movement of the anchor teeth
MODERATE ANCHORAGE CASES

Anchor teeth can be permitted to move forward into ¼ to ½ of the extraction space.
MINIMUM ANCHORAGE CASES

Anchorage demand is very low

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