CHAPTER-lll

METHODOLOGY

 The system of collecting data for research projects is

known as research methodology. The data may be
collected for either theoretical or practical research for
example management research may be strategically
conceptualized along with operational planning methods
and change management.

 This study was done to assess the level of knowledge

about needle prick injury and its prevention among
nurses working at Dhamtari Christian Hospital, Dhamtari
 The methodology of this study include
 Research approach
 Research designee
 The setting of the study
 Population
 Sample
 Sample size
 Sampling technique
 Criteria for inclusive and exclusive in the study
 Method of data collection
 Validity and reliability of tool preparation of final draft.
 Ethical consideration
 Pilot study
 Data collection procedure and plan for data analysis and
 RESEARCH APPROACH
 Engel and Shut, 2005, Research approach refers to the
way in which research is conducted. Two type of
research approach are used in the research
methodologies that are inductive and deductive
approach.
 Research approach indicates the procedure for
conducting the study. It is an overall plan for obtaining
answers to the research question or for testing the
research hypothesis. In order to accomplish the objective
of the study an experimental approach was adopted .This
study attempts to explore present knowledge of staff
nurses regarding, needle prick injury and its prevention.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 Polit and Hungler 2003, Research design is the overall
plan for obtaining answer to the question being studied
and for handling some for the difficulties encountered
during the research process keeping in view the
objective of the study, the present study the measure
the knowledge of staff nurses regarding needle prick
injury and its prevention. This can be respondent as -
 SETTING OF THE STUDY
 “Setting’ return to the area where the study is conducted. The setting
for the study was Dhamtari Christian hospital. Dhamtari (C.G.) this
setting of study is appropriate because of the availability of group,
geographical proximity, feasibility, cost effective and time consuming.

VARIABLES

 Variable may refer to:

 A variable is an attribute that describes a person, place, thing or idea.
 The value of the variable can "vary" from one entity to another.
 Independent variables: In this study the independent variable is
effectiveness of needle prick injury and its prevention
 Dependent variables: In this study the dependent variable is
knowledge of staff nurses regarding needle prick injury and its
prevention.
 POPULATION

 A research population is also known as a well-defined

collection of individuals or objects known to have similar
characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain
population usually have a common, binding characteristics
or trait.

ACCESSIBLE POPULATION

 The accessible population is the population in research to

which the researchers can apply their conclusions. This
population is a subset of the target population and is also
known as the study population. It is form the accessible
population that researchers draw their samples.
 TARGET POPULATION
 Target population refers to the entire group of
individuals or objects to which researchers are
interested in generalizing the conclusions. The target
population usually has varying characteristics and it is
known as the theoretical population.
 In the present study target population composed of all
staff nurse at Dhamtari Christian Hospital, Dhamtari
(C.G.)
 In the present study accessible population composed of
staff nurse working at Dhamtari Christian Hospital,
Dhamtari (C.G.)
 SAMPLE

Kulkarni, A.P. et al, 2005, Sample is a subset of the

population selected for a particular study and members
of the sample are the study subjects.
In the selection of the study samples was done based on
only those nurses who working at Dhamtari Christian
Hospital, Dhamtari and who had agreed to participate
in the study

SAMPLE SIZE
 For this study 100 staff nurses working at Dhamtari
Christian Hospital, Dhamtari, were selected.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

 Kothari C. R., 2004, Sampling is the process of obtaining

information about on entire population by examining only a part of
it.
 A non-probability sampling technique, namely purposive sampling
was used to select sample of staff nurses at Dhamtari Christian
Hospital, Dhamtari (CG).

SAMPLING CRITERIA

 Inclusive criteria
 Staff nurses who is working at Dhamtari Christian Hospital,
Dhamtari.
 Staff nurses who willing to participate in this study.
 Staff nurses who are not present on the day of sample collection of
 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of
preparing and collecting data, for example, as part of a
process improvement or similar project.
In this present study the method of data collection is
administration of self-structured questionnaires.

Development of the tool

 The investigator prepared the structured questionnaire
to assess the knowledge regarding needle prick injury
and its prevention among staff nurses working at
Dhamtari Christian Hospital, Dhamtari.
 Construction of the tool
The steps used for preparing the self-structured questionnaire
 A. Review of related literature.
 B. Preparation of blue print.
 C. Consultation with Expert’s.

A. Review of related literature

 Related books, journals, reports articles, published and
unpublished research study was used to develop the tool
B. Preparation of blue print
 The blue print of items, pertaining the domain of knowledge was
prepared as per objectives and conceptual framework. The blue
print includes definition, incidence, causes, risk factors,
management, prevention and complication, post exposure
prophylaxis
C. Consultation With Experts
 Description of the Tool

Section A. Baseline data or demographic data

This part includes 8 items assessing the sample Characteristic. It includes
age, sex, income, marital status, type of family, institution in which they
are trained, experience in working hospital, any additional information
regarding needle prick injury and its prevention.

Section B. Self structured Knowledge questionnaire regarding needle

prick injury and its prevention

 50 items with content area of include needle prick injury definition,

incidence, cause, risk factors, management prevention and complication.
This consisted of multiple choice questions on the basis of the purpose of
the study to assess knowledge regarding needle prick injury and its
prevention.
The consisted item elicited the response about the knowledge of needle
prick injury definition, causes, risk factors, management, prevention and
 Area wise description of number of Questions

S. AREA NO OF ITEMS
No.
1 Definition and incidence 4

2 Risk factor/causes 11

3 Prevention, management and 1 30

complication

4. Post exposure prophyiaxis 5

TOTAL ITEMS 50
 Scoring procedure
 There were 50 items pertaining to the knowledge of
staff nurses regarding needle prick injury and its
prevention. For each item, a score of one (1) was
assigned to a correct response and zero (0) assigned to
each wrong answer. Total score to knowledge question
was 0 - 50. The level of knowledge was categorized
based on the percentage of score obtained.
S.No. CRITERIA SCORE PERCENTAGE
%
1 POOR [0-10] 0-10 0%

2 AVERAGE [11-20] 11-20 48%

3 GOOD [21-30] 21-30 38%

4. VERY GOOD [31-40] 31-40 13%

5. EXCELLENT 41 Above 1%
 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE TOOL

 Validity of the tool

 According to B.T. Basvanthappa -“An approach for

establishing the validity of a quantitative measuring
instrument that determines the extent to which the
instruments represent the phenomena under study.”
 Reliability of the tool
 Polit D. F. and Hungler B. P. I999, the reliability of
the measuring instrument is a major criterion for
assessing the quality and adequacy. The reliability of
the instrument is the degree of consistency with which
it measures the attribute it is supposed to be measuring.
 A total 10 sample were selected from Dhamtari
Christian Hospital, Dhamtari. Reliability co-efficient
for the knowledge test was calculated by using split
half method. The reliability of this was found by using
Karl Pearson's Correlation formula. Reliability co-
efficient obtained was r = 0.70 which indicates the tool
was reliable.
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
 The researcher problem and objectives were approved
by the research committee. Informed consent was
obtained from all the staff nurses working in Dhamtari
Christian Hospital, Dhamtari, (CG) and who are
willing to participate in the study. Explanation was
given regarding the purpose of the study.
Confidentiality was ensured due permission from
authorities have sought and obtained. The individual
participant had the right to walk away from the study
without assessing any reason thereof to the investigator.
 PILOT STUDY

 Julie Stachowiak2003, A smaller version of a larger study

that is conducted to prepare for that study. A pilot study can
involve pre-testing a research tool, like a new data collection
method. It can also be used to test an idea or hypothesis.

 Pilot study was conducted from 18/08/18 assess the

feasibility of the study and decide a plan for statistical
analysis. Written permission to conduct pilot study was
obtained from the hospital authorities. The Multiple Choice
Question using interview technique was taken from 10 staff
nurses were selected using purposive sampling technique.
 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
 Permission from consent authority
 A formal written permission was obtained from the
hospital authorities in Dhamtari Christian Hospital,
Dhamtari, Which was selected as the setting of study.
The investigator personally met the medical
superintendent and explains about the study to ensure
maximum cooperation.

Period of data collection

 The study was conducted from 20/08/18 to 23/08/18. The
investigator approached the study subjects, explained the
subjects about the confidentiality of data. The data was
collected through self structured questionnaire.
 PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRITATION
 It involves the use of statistical procedure to give organization
and meaning of data. Descriptive statistics ( frequencies,
Percentage, range, mean, median, standard deviation, Karl
Pearson’s(correlation coefficient)
 Data was planned to be analyzed on the basis of objectives and
hypothesis.

ORGANIZATION AND REPRESENTATION OF DATA

 The data and findings have been organized and presented under
the following section-

SECTION- A
 Distribution of subject according to socio demographic
variables
 SECTION-B-

 Assess the knowledge scores regarding needle prick injury and its prevention
among staff nurses working at Dhamtari Christian Hospital Dhamtari[C.G]

 PART 1: - Area wise analysis to assess the knowledge scores regarding

needle prick injury and its prevention among staff nurses at working at
Dhamtari Christian Hospital Dhamtari (C.G.).

 PART 2: - Over all analysis to assess the knowledge scores regarding needle
prick injury and its prevention among staff nurses working at Dhamtari
Christian Hospital Dhamtari (C.G.).

SECTION-C

 To find out the association between knowledge score regarding needle prick
injury and its prevention among staff nurses working at Dhamtari Christian
Hospital (C.G) with the socio demographic variable
 Section D: TESTING THE HYPOTHEIS
 To assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding
Needle prick injury and its prevention. Hypotheses
testing were done by using paired’ test and chi-square
test. The hypotheses were:

 H1: H1; There will be significant association between

the knowledge of staff nurses working at Dhamtari
Christian Hospital Dhamtari (C.G) with the socio
demographic variables.
 SUMMARY
This chapter explained the research approach, setting of
study, research design, variables, sampling, sampling
technique, population, target population, associable
population, and sample size, development of the tools,
pilot study, data collection process and plan for data
analysis.