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Steel - Ch2 - Tension Members - Movie
Steel - Ch2 - Tension Members - Movie
Monther Dwaikat
Assistant Professor
Department of Building Engineering
An-Najah National University
68402 Slide # 1
Table of Contents
Typical Tension Members
Introductory Concepts
Design Strength
Effective and Net Areas
Staggered Bolted Connections
Block Shear
Design of Tension Members
Slenderness Requirements
68402 Slide # 2
Tension Members
Applications
In bridge, roof and floor trusses, bracing systems,
towers, and tie rods
Consist of angles, channels, tees, plates, W or S
shapes, or combinations
68402 Slide # 3
Typical Tension Members
Tension chord in a
truss
" Tension" Diagonal
68402 Slide # 5
Tension Members
Commonly Used Sections:
• W/H shapes
• Square and Rectangular or round HSS
• Tees and Double Tees
• Angles and double angles
• Channel sections
• Cables
68402 Slide # 6
Introductory Concepts
Stress: The stress in the column cross-section can be
calculated as
P
f
A
68402 Slide # 7
Design Strength
A A B B A A BB
Net Area Gross Area
68402 Slide # 8
Introductory Concepts
For example, consider an 200 x 10 mm. bar connected to a
gusset plate & loaded in tension as shown below in Fig. 2.1
Gusset plate
b Section b-b
b
20 mm
7/8 hole diameter
in. diameter hole
a a
Section a-a
8 x200 x 10
½ in. barmm plate
Fy
Stress, f
y u
Strain,
• Deformations are caused by the strain . Fig. 2.2 indicates that the
structural deflections will be small as long as the material is elastic (f <
Fy)
• Deformations due to the strain will be large after the steel reaches its
yield stress Fy.
68402 Slide # 12
Design Strength
We usually determine the strength “capacity” of any structural
element based on possible scenarios of failure!
Possible failures of a tension member include
• Yield of the element
• Fracture of element
The stress of axially loaded elements can be determined as
P
f
The stress isA therefore a function of the cross sectional area
thus the presence of holes will change the stress.
Bolted connections reduce the area of the cross section.
68402 Slide # 13
Design Strength
A tension member can fail by reaching one of two limit states:
• excessive deformation
• fracture
Excessive deformation can occur due to the yielding of the
gross section (for example section a-a from Fig. 2.1) along
the length of the member
Fracture of the net section can occur if the stress at the net
section (for example section b-b in Fig. 2.1) reaches the
ultimate stress Fu.
The objective of design is to prevent these failure before
reaching the ultimate loads on the structure (Obvious).
This is also the load & resistance factor design approach for
designing steel structures
68402 Slide # 14
Load & Resistance Factor Design
The load & resistance factor design approach is
recommended by AISC for designing steel
structures. It can be understood as follows:
• Step I. Determine the ultimate loads acting on the
structure
• The values of D, L, W, etc. are nominal loads (not maximum or
ultimate)
• Duringits design life, a structure can be subjected to some
maximum or ultimate loads caused by combinations of D, L, or
W loading.
• The ultimate load on the structure can be calculated using
factored load combinations. The most relevant of these load
combinations are given below:
68402 Slide # 15
Load & Resistance Factor Design
• 1.4 D
• 0.9 D + 1.6 W
68402 Slide # 16
Load & Resistance Factor Design
• Step III. Design the members
• The failure (design) strength of the designed member must be
greater than the corresponding design forces calculated in
Step II:
Rn i Qi
Rn - the calculated failure strength of the member
- the resistance factor used to account for the reliability of the
material behavior & equations for Rn
Qi - the nominal load
i - the load factor used to account for the variability in loading & to
estimate the ultimate loading
68402 Slide # 17
Design Strength of Tension Members
Yielding of the gross section will occur when the stress f
reaches Fy.
P
f Fy
Ag
Therefore, nominal yield strength = Pn = Ag Fy
Factored yield strength = t Pn
t = 0.9 for tension yielding limit state
68402 Slide # 18
Design Strength of Tension Members
Facture of the net section will occur after the stress on the
net section area reaches the ultimate stress Fu
P
f Fu
Ae
Therefore, nominal fracture strength = Pn = Ae Fu
Where, Ae is the effective net area, which may be equal to
the net area or smaller.
The topic of Ae will be addressed later.
Factored fracture strength = t Ae Fu
where: t = 0.75 for tension fracture limit state
68402 Slide # 19
Net Area
We calculate the net area by deducting the width of the
“bolts + some tolerance around the bolt”
Rule
d Hole dbolt 3.2 mm
b
t
dbolt An b (nholes d hole ) t
dhole
68402 Slide # 20
Design Strength
Tensile strength of a section is governed by two limit states:
• Yield of gross area (excessive deformation)
• Fracture of net area
Thus the design strength is one of the following
Load Effect
t Pn t Fy Ag t 0 .9 YIELD
Pu
t Pn t Fu An t 0.75 FRACTURE
The difference in the factor for the two limit states represent the
• Seriousness of the fracture limit state
• The reliability index (probability of failure) assumed with each limit state
68402 Slide # 21
Important Notes
Why is fracture (& not yielding) the relevant limit state at
the net section?
Yielding will occur first in the net section. However, the
deformations induced by yielding will be localized around the net
section. These localized deformations will not cause excessive
deformations in the complete tension member. Hence, yielding at
the net section will not be a failure limit state.
68402 Slide # 22
Important Notes
What is the design strength of the tension member?
The design strength of the tension member will be the lesser value of
the strength for the two limit states (gross section yielding & net
section fracture).
yp
68402 Slide # 23
Ex. 2.1 – Tensile Strength
A 125 x 10 mm bar of A572 (Fy = 344 MPa) steel is used as a tension
member. It is connected to a gusset plate with six 20 mm. diameter
bolts as shown below. Assume that the effective net area A e equals
the actual net area An & compute the tensile design strength of the
member.
Gusset plate
b b
20 in.
7/8 mmdiameter
hole diameter
bolt
a a
5 200
x ½ in.
x 10barmm plate
A572(Fy
A572 Gr.=50344 MPa)
68402 Slide # 24
Ex. 2.1 – Tensile Strength
Gross section area = Ag = 125 x 10 = 1250 mm2
68402 Slide # 25
Ex. 2.1 – Tensile Strength
Fracture design strength = t Pn = t Fu Ae
• Assume Ae = An (only for this problem)
• Fracture design strength = 0.75 x 448 x 786/1000 = 264 kN
68402 Slide # 26
Effective Net Area
The connection has a significant influence on the
performance of a tension member. A connection almost
always weakens the member & a measure of its influence
is called joint efficiency.
Joint efficiency is a function of:
• material ductility
• fastener spacing
• stress concentration at holes
• fabrication procedure
• shear lag.
68402 Slide # 28
Effective Net Area
A consequence of this partial connection is that the
connected element becomes overloaded & the
unconnected part is not fully stressed.
Lengthening the connection region will reduce this effect
Research indicates that shear lag can be accounted for by
using a reduced or effective net area Ae
x Over stressed
Under stressed
68402 Slide # 30
Effective Net Area
Where, the reduction factor U is given by:
x
U = 1- ≤ 0.9 (4.7)
L
x- the distance from the centroid of the connected area to the plane of
the connection
L - the length of the connection.
68402 Slide # 31
Effective Net Area
L
L
Bolted Connections Welded Connections
68402 Slide # 32
Effective Net Area
The distance L is defined as the length of the connection in
the direction of load.
• For bolted connections, L is measured from the center of the bolt at
one end to the center of the bolt at the other end.
68402 Slide # 33
U for Bolted Connections
x
U 1 0.9 OR
L
Two major groups of bolted connections
• Connections with at least three bolts per line bf 2
• W,M and S shapes and T cut from them connected in flange with
d 3
U 0 .9
68402 Slide # 34
Ex. 2.2 – Design Strength
Determine the effective net area & the corresponding
design strength for the single angle tension member in the
figure below. The tension member is an L 4 x 4 x 3/8 made
from A36 steel. It is connected to a gusset plate with 15
mm diameter bolts, as shown in Figure below. The spacing
between the bolts is 75 mm center-to-center.
a
x
L 4L x44xx43/x83/8
d bd= 5/8
= 15in.mm
b
Section a-a
a L 4 x 4 x 3/ 8
Gusset plate
68402 Slide # 35
Ex. 2.2 – Design Strength
• Gross area of angle = Ag = 1850 mm2 T = 9.5 mm
x
• is the distance from the centroid of the area connected to
the plane of connection
• For this case is equal to the distance of centroid of the angle
from the edge.
• This value is given in the section property table.
x
• = 28.7 mm.
68402 Slide # 36
Ex. 2.2 – Design Strength
• L is the length of the connection, which for this case will be
equal to 2 x 75 = 150 mm.
x 28.7
U 1 1 0.809
• L 150
W 8 x 24
753mm
in. 753 mm
in. 753 mm
in.
68402 Slide # 38
Ex. 2.3 – Design Strength
• For ASTM A992 material: Fy = 344 MPa; & Fu = 448 MPa
68402 Slide # 40
Special Cases for Welded Connections
If some elements of the cross-section are not connected,
then Ae will be less than An
For a rectangular bar or plate Ae will be equal to An
However, if the connection is by longitudinal welds at the
ends as shown in the figure below, then Ae = UAg
Where, U = 1.0 for L ≥ 2w
U = 0.87 for 1.5 w ≤ L < 2 w
U = 0.75 for w ≤ L < 1.5 w
L = length of the pair of welds ≥ w
w = distance between the welds
68402
or width of plate/bar
Slide # 41
Ex. 2.3 – Design Strength
• The calculated value is not accurate due to the deviations
in the geometry
x 17.6
• U 1
L
1
225
0.922
68402 Slide # 42
Ex. 2.3 – Design Strength
• Net section fracture strength = t Ae Fu = 0.75 x 0.9 x 3623 x
448/1000 = 1095.6 kN
68402 Slide # 43
Special Cases for Welded Connections
68402 Slide # 44
Special Cases for Welded Connections
For any member connected by transverse welds alone,
Ae = area of the connected element of the cross-section
68402 Slide # 45
U for Welded Connections
x
U 1 0 .9 OR
L
Two major groups of welded connections
• General case
• W,M and S shapes and T cut from them connected in flange with bf 2
d 3
• All other shapes
U 0.9
W
L 2W U 1.0
1.5W L 2W U 0.87 L
• Any member with transverse welds all around ONLY
W L 1.5W U 0.75
U 1 .0
68402 Slide # 46
Ex. 2.4 – Tension Design Strength
Consider the welded single angle L 6x 6 x ½ tension
member made from A36 steel shown below. Calculate
the tension design strength.
42.4 mm
140 mm
68402 Slide # 47
Ex. 2.4 – Tension Design Strength
• Ag = 3720 mm2
• Ae = U An
x
• = 42.4 mm for this welded connection
• L = 152x mm for
42.4
this welded connection
U 1 1 0.72
• L 152
• P is determined
u by structural analysis for factored load
combinations
68402 Slide # 49
Design of Tension Members
For net section fracture limit state, Pn = 0.75 x Ae x Fu
• Therefore, 0.75 x Ae x Fu ≥ Pu
Pu
• Therefore, Ae ≥ 0.75 F
u
• But, Ae = U An
• U & An - depend on the end connection.
68402 Slide # 50
Design of Tension Members
Therefore, for this chapter of the course, the end
connection details will be given in the examples &
problems.
68402 Slide # 51
Design of Tension Members
There is one serious limitation
• The net section fracture strength is tabulated for an assumed value
of U = 0.75, obviously because the precise connection details are
not known
• The engineer can first select the tension member based on the
tabulated gross yielding & net section fracture strengths, & then
check the net section fracture strength & the block shear strength
using the actual connection details.
68402 Slide # 52
Design of Tension Members
Additionally for each shape, the code tells the
value of Ae below which net section fracture will
control:
• Thus, for Grade 50 steel sections, net section fracture
will control if Ae < 0.923 Ag
Slenderness limits
• Tension member slenderness l/r must preferably be
limited to 300 as per LRFD specifications.
68402 Slide # 53
Slenderness Requirements
Although tension elements are not likely to buckle, it is
recommended to limit their slenderness ratio to 300
L
max 300
rmin
I min
rmin
A
The slenderness limitation of tension members is not for structural
integrity as for compression members.
The reason for the code limitation is to assure that the member has
enough stiffness to prevent lateral movement or vibration.
This limitation does not apply to tension rods and cables.
68402 Slide # 54
Steps for Design of Tension Members
Steps for design
• Calculate the load
• Decide whether your connection will be welded or bolted
• Assume U factor of 0.75
• Determine the gross area of the element
• Assume An = 0.75 Ag
Pu
Ag
0.9 Fy
Pu Pu
Ag for bolted for welded
0.45 Fu 0.45 Fu
68402 Slide # 55
Steps for Design of Tension Members
Steps for design
• Choose the lightest section with area little larger than A g
68402 Slide # 56
Ex. 2.7 – Design of Tension Members
Design a member to carry a factored maximum tension load of 350 kN.
Assume that the member is a wide flange connected through the
flanges using eight 20 mm diameter bolts in two rows of four each as
shown in the figure below. The center-to-center distance of the bolts in
the direction of loading is 100 mm. The edge distances are 40 & 50
mm as shown in the figure below. Steel material is A992
20¾
mmin. d iameter bolts
2 in.
50 mm 100 mm
4 in.
401.5
mm in.
W 40
1.5mm
in.
50 2
mmin. 4 in.
100 mm Fy = 344 MPa
Holes in beam flange
Fu = 448 MPa
68402 Slide # 57
Ex. 2.7 – Design of Tension Members
• Select a section from the Tables
• A ≥ 350*1000/(0.9*344) = 1130 mm .
g
2
• Assume U=0.75
• A 350*1000/(0.45*448)=1736 mm
g
2
68402 Slide # 58
Extra Slides
68402 Slide # 59
Block Shear
For some connection configurations, the tension member
can fail due to ‘tear-out’ of material at the connected end.
This is called block shear.
For example, the single angle tension member connected
as shown in the Fig. 2.3 below is susceptible to the
phenomenon of block shear.
For the case shown above, shear failure will occur along
the longitudinal section a-b & tension failure will occur
along the transverse section b-c.
AISC Specification on tension members does not cover
block shear failure explicitly. But, it directs the engineer to
the Specification on connections
68402 Slide # 60
Block Shear
(a)
(b)
68402 Slide # 62
Block Shear
Rn = (0.6 Fu Anv + UbsFu Ant) ≤ (0.6 FyAgv + UbsFu Ant)
= 0.75
Ubs = 1.0 for uniform tensile stress; = 0.5 for nonuniform tensile stress
Agv - gross area subject to shear
Agt - gross area subject to tension
Anv - net area subject to shear
Ant - net area subject to tension
Fu - ultiamte strength of steel
Fy - yield strength of steel
68402 Slide # 63
Block Shear
Failure happens by a
combination of shear and
tension.
a
x
L 4 x 4 x 3/ 8
dd
b ==5/8
15in.
mm
b
Section a-a
a L 4 x 4 x 3/ 8
Gusset plate
68402 Slide # 65
Ex. 2.5 – Block Shear
• Assume a block shear
apath & calculate the required areas
L4
50
d b d= 5/8 in.
b = 15 mm
75
40 75
a
Gusset plate
68402 Slide # 66
Ex. 2.5 – Block Shear
• Agt = gross tension area = 50 x 9.5 = 475 mm2
• Ant = net tension area = 475 - 0.5 x (15 + 3.2) x 9.5 = 388.5
mm2
• Agv = gross shear area = (75 + 75 +40) x 9.5 = 1805 mm 2
• Anv = net shear area = 1805 - 2.5 x (15 + 3.2) x 9.5 = 1372.8
mm2
• Ubs = 1.0
68402 Slide # 67
Ex. 2.5 – Block Shear
• Check upper limit
t Rn ≤ (0.6 FyAgv + UbsFu Ant)
R ≤ 0.75 (0.6 x 248 x 1805 + 1.0 x 400 x 388.5)/1000
t n
R ≤ 318 kN
t n
68402 Slide # 68
Ex. 2.6 – Design Tensile Strength
Determine the design tension strength for a single
channel C15 x 50 connected to a 15 mm thick gusset
plate as shown in Figure. Assume that the holes are for
20 mm diameter bolts. Also, assume structural steel with
yield stress (Fy) equal to 344 MPa & ultimate stress (Fu)
equal to 448 MPa. gusset plate
3 @ 75 mm = 225 T
T mm center-to-center
C15 x 50
40 75 75
68402 Slide # 69
Ex. 2.6 – Design Tensile Strength
• Limit state of yielding due to tension:
Tn 0.9*344*9480 /1000 2935 kN
• Limit state of fracture due to tension:
An Ag nd et 9480 4 18.2 23.2 7791 mm 2
x 20.3
Ae UAn 1 An 1 *7791 6736.6 mm 2
L 150
U 0.867 0.9
• Check: OK.
68402 Slide # 71
Ex. 2.6 – Design Tensile Strength
• Check upper limit
R ≤ (0.6 F A + U F A )
t n y gv bs u nt
R ≤ 2021 kN
t n
• Block shear rupture is the critical limit state & the design
tension strength is 1919 kN.
68402 Slide # 72
Staggered Bolts
68402 Slide # 73
Staggered Bolts
For a bolted tension member, the connecting bolts can be
staggered for several reasons:
• To get more capacity by increasing the effective net area
• To achieve a smaller connection length
• To fit the geometry of the tension connection itself.
S
Stresses on inclined planes are a mix of tension and shear and thus a
correction is needed.
S2
Wn Wg d An Wn t
4g
All possible failure paths passes shall be examined. The path that yields
the smallest area governs.
68402 Slide # 76