University of Oum El Bouaghi

Department of architecture

History of Architecture in Algeria 1 (19th and 20th Centuries).

Course3: Urban/Medina Context

Doctor NAIDJA Amina

2023/2024
 Introduction

In Algeria, the medina context of architecture refers to the historic, enclosed, and culturally rich old
quarters of cities, such as the renowned Casbah of Algiers, characterized by narrow, winding streets,
traditional courtyard houses, and intricate decorative elements, preserving the country's authentic heritage
and historical significance. Conversely, the urban context reflects the influence of modernization and
colonial architecture in major cities like Algiers and Oran, featuring a blend of Islamic, Ottoman, and
European styles, along with contemporary structures, wide boulevards, and high-rise buildings, catering to
the needs of a growing population and showcasing the fusion of old and new in Algeria's architectural
landscape.
1-The concept of a "medina"

A "medina" is a term commonly used in North African and Middle Eastern countries to describe the
historical and often walled city center, typically characterized by its ancient, maze-like streets, traditional
architecture, and a strong sense of cultural and historical significance. Medinas serve as the heart of a city or
town, often containing historic landmarks, markets, and communal spaces, offering a unique and immersive
experience for residents and visitors alike.

In Algeria, medinas play a vital role in the architectural and cultural landscape. Two notable examples of
Algerian medinas are the Casbah of Algiers and the medina of Constantine.
 2-Examples of Algerian medinas:
Two notable examples of Algerian medinas are the Casbah of Algiers and the medina of Constantine. Here are some
unique characteristics of these medinas:

2-1. The Casbah of Algiers:

The Kasbah of Algiers is an outstanding example of a historic Maghreb city

having had extensive influence on town-planning in the western part of the
Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa.

Indeed, located on the Mediterranean coast, the site was inhabited at least from the
6th century BC when a Phoenician trading post was established there. The term
Kasbah, that originally designated the highest point of the medina during the Zirid
era, today applies to the ensemble of the old town of El Djazair, within the
boundaries marked by the ramparts and built at the end of the 16th century, dating
back to the Ottoman period.

In this living environment where nearly 50,000 people reside, very interesting
traditional houses, palaces, hammams, mosques and various souks are still
conserved, the urban form of which bears witness to an effect of stratification of
several styles in a complex and original system that has adapted remarkably well
to a very hilly and uneven site.
2-1-1-Historical Significance of the Casbah of Algiers:

The Casbah of Algiers holds immense historical significance, making it a treasure trove of history and culture. Its historical
importance is evident in the following ways:
Roman Origins: The site of the Casbah has a history that dates back to the Roman period when it was a small Roman
town known as "Icosium." The Roman ruins are still visible in parts of the Casbah, reflecting the ancient heritage of the
area.

Islamic Rule: The Casbah became a significant center of Arab culture and Islamic civilization following the Arab
expansion into North Africa in the 7th century. The area saw the construction of mosques, madrasas, and other Islamic
institutions during this time.

Ottoman Dynasty: The Ottoman Empire ruled over Algiers from the early 16th century until the 19th century. During
this period, the Casbah was fortified, and the Ottomans left a lasting architectural and cultural impact on the city. The
architecture of the Casbah during this time is characterized by Ottoman influences, including domed structures,
courtyards, and intricate stucco work.
Barbary Pirates: The Casbah of Algiers served as the base for the Barbary pirates, who conducted raids and piracy
along the Mediterranean coast during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Casbah's strategic location atop a hill overlooking
the Mediterranean made it an ideal stronghold for these pirates.

French Colonial Period: The Casbah continued to be an important center during the French colonial rule of Algeria,
which began in the 19th century. The French made various modifications to the Casbah, and it was during this time that
the Casbah's historic Ketchaoua Mosque was converted into a cathedral, reflecting the changing political landscape.
Independence and UNESCO Recognition: After gaining independence from France in 1962, Algeria recognized the
historical and cultural significance of the Casbah and began efforts to preserve and protect it. In 1992, the Casbah of
Algiers was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, further highlighting its global importance.

The Casbah of Algiers has witnessed the rise and fall of various dynasties, occupiers, and civilizations throughout
its history. Its architectural diversity and historical layers make it a living testament to the complex and diverse
history of Algeria and its capital city, Algiers.
Architectural Diversity:
The Casbah of Algiers appears as a typical example of traditional Maghreb cities, which are found on the western part of
the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa. The urban complex that makes up the Casbah still maintains its integrity,
despite various changes, and, overall, the aesthetic characteristics of Islamic art and the original materials are preserved.
The Casbah still possesses its citadel, palaces, mosques, mausoleums, and hammams, which continue to contribute to
the identity of the site. The military architecture of the Casbah includes Ottoman influences from the period of the
Regency of Algiers, but the civilian architecture maintains the authenticity of Maghreb medinas. However, the Casbah
appears as a changing space; during colonization, some buildings were demolished to make way for European-style
housing, mainly along the waterfront and at the city's boundaries. The Casbah also has, on its periphery, Haussmannian-
style buildings from the colonial era that are integrated into its classified heritage. There have also been certain
modifications in housing with the introduction of non-authentic materials and the disappearance of the traditional
material trade, such as wood. Its social marginalization and the inefficiency of preservation plans make it a threatened
site despite its classification by UNESCO.
 Construction techniques

Walls
The walls of the Casbah are made of jointed bricks.
These walls can include a mixed apparatus and present
a diversity of materials (rubble, wood, etc.). One of the
typologies used is the ordering of walls with two
layers, one of which, made of brick, is rigid and the
other, with a reinforcement of wood, is flexible; this
has the advantage of being seismic.
The vertical structure features brick arcades and columns

broken horseshoe arches

pointed arch arch in the center
columns
Covers and floors
The roofing can be masonry, or with a wooden structure. Masonry roofs are often cross vaults, which can be used for
domestic spaces such as entrances, stair landings or large spaces of major buildings (palaces, mosques, etc.). Wooden
structures often concern floors or terrace roofs: they are made of logs, over which branches or battens are placed which will
support an earth and lime mortar. This mortar is itself a support for ceramic tiles or lime waterproofing for terraces. The
metal structures used to support floors are more recent because they date from the colonial period (19th century)63. This
non-traditional material has aged poorly and many disorders are due to its use.
Openings and stairs

Crossings in masonry structures can be made using arches, themselves masonry, or using wooden or marble beds. In
patios, the arches are most often horseshoe arches forming a slight pointed arch. The stairs in the Casbah are masonry
structures with a wooden structure. An inclined platform is cast on wooden logs, over which bricks will form steps. The
decoration varies, marble adorns large residences while slate is used in modest houses.
Ornaments

Various elements are used to decorate the homes of the Casbah: wooden balustrades, door openings, capitals and
ceramic tiles for the floors and walls. The porticos and galleries give architectural specificity to the Casbah. The
arrangement of the pointed arches is typical of its spatial composition. The patio is an example of this arrangement,
where the harmony of the sequence of arches can mask the geometric variations, as long as they have consistency in
height (which starts from the birth of the arch at its key ). The variations in the openings of the arches do not disturb the
visual harmony of the whole. The arches of the Casbah are often of the horseshoe type; their shapes, pointed or broken,
constitute an Algerian specificity.

Twisted shaft Composite capital Ornamental set of Interior door

Ornate Ornate door
of a column in white marble, an arcade: ceramic opening carved
wooden frame
decorated with a frieze, abacus and with geometric
balustrade
crescent. capital. patterns.
Domestic architecture

The domestic architecture of the Casbah in Algiers is characterized by a unique and historically rich design, with
traditional courtyard houses at its core. These houses feature a central open-air courtyard, serving as the focal
point, allowing for natural light, ventilation, and a sense of privacy. The layout typically includes rooms surrounding
the courtyard, with the ground floor often dedicated to living and dining spaces and the upper floors for bedrooms.
Architecturally, the Casbah houses showcase elegant arched doorways, windows, and passageways, providing a
visually appealing transition between spaces. The walls are adorned with intricate stucco patterns, incorporating
geometric motifs and floral designs, while mosaic tile work adds to the overall decorative richness. The Casbah's
narrow and winding streets are designed to create a network of cool, pedestrian-friendly pathways, devoid of
vehicular traffic, preserving a timeless and traditional atmosphere. Wooden mashrabiya screens are commonly used
on windows and balconies, intricately carved to offer privacy and allow airflow. Additionally, rooftop terraces serve
as versatile outdoor spaces for various activities and offer picturesque views of the Casbah and the Mediterranean
Sea. Furthermore, Casbah houses are designed with practical adaptations to suit the local climate, featuring small
windows to minimize heat gain, thick walls for insulation, and overhanging roofs that provide essential shade. The
multifunctional nature of the houses allows for multi-generational living and reflects the cultural values and
traditions of the Casbah, making it an integral part of its UNESCO World Heritage status.
 Typology of the medina

The typology of the Casbah of Algiers encompasses a dynamic blend of architectural styles and functions, including
traditional courtyard houses (Dar) that are organized around central courtyards, fortified structures known as Kasbahs,
mosques and religious buildings like the Ketchaoua Mosque and mausoleums, traditional souks with narrow covered
passageways, public spaces and plazas for social gatherings, historic landmarks such as the Casbah Museum, and the
culturally significant rooftop terraces offering panoramic views. This diverse urban fabric reflects the complex history and
rich culture of the district, underscoring its status as a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of North Africa's most iconic
medinas.
 In the Casbah of Algiers, there is a combination of residential structures and historic landmarks that
includes some fortifications, often referred to as "castles," and a variety of residences. These
structures play a significant role in shaping the architectural and historical landscape of the Casbah:
Castles and Fortifications:

Palace of Dey (Qasr Dey): While not a traditional castle, the Palace of Dey, also known as Qasr Dey, is
an iconic and historically significant structure in the Casbah. It was the residence of the Dey of Algiers
during the Ottoman rule and served as a seat of power. The palace combines elements of both a
fortified structure and a palace, making it a distinctive architectural landmark. It features Ottoman and
Moorish architectural influences, with intricately decorated interiors and lush gardens.

Fortified Walls: The Casbah itself is surrounded by a series of defensive walls and gates. These walls
historically provided protection from external threats and contributed to the Casbah's image as a
fortified district. While not castles in the traditional sense, these walls are a significant architectural
feature of the Casbah.
Residences:

Courtyard Houses (Dar): The predominant residential typology in the

Casbah is the traditional courtyard house, known as "Dar." These houses are
organized around central courtyards, designed for natural light, ventilation,
and privacy. Dars come in various sizes and degrees of ornamentation,
reflecting the social and economic status of their occupants.

Mansions and Historic Residences: Some residences in the Casbah are

more elaborate, with ornate architectural features, reflecting the wealth and
social prominence of their owners. Many of these houses have been
transformed into cultural centers, museums, or historic landmarks, allowing
visitors to experience the architectural and historical significance of these
residences.
The Casbah of Algiers is home to several mosques, each of which holds historical, architectural, and cultural significance.
Here are some of the prominent mosques within the Casbah:
Ketchaoua Mosque (Djama Ketchaoua): The Ketchaoua Mosque is one of the most famous and historically significant
mosques in the Casbah. Originally constructed in the 17th century during Ottoman rule, it underwent multiple
transformations over the years. In the 19th century, during French colonial rule, it was converted into a cathedral, only to
be restored back to a mosque after Algeria's independence. The mosque displays a unique blend of architectural
influences, combining elements of Moorish and Ottoman styles with a stunning decorative interior featuring intricate
stucco work, mosaic tiles, and Arabic calligraphy.
El Djedid Mosque: Also known as the New Mosque, El Djedid was built in the 17th century and exemplifies Ottoman
architectural influences. It is characterized by its grand entrance and a central dome. The mosque is known for its
serene interior with a stunning mihrab (prayer niche) and decorative details.

Djama'a Lakhdaria: This mosque, built in the 18th century, is named after the saint Sidi M'hamed El Kebir, and it has
become a symbol of national identity in Algeria. It features a square minaret and follows traditional North African
architectural styles, showcasing the cultural and religious importance of the site.

El Betchine Mosque: El Betchine Mosque is known for its architectural elegance and harmony, combining elements of
Islamic and Moorish design. It features intricate stucco work and decorative tiles, creating a serene and artistic
atmosphere for worship.

Djama'a Sidi Ramdane: This mosque is dedicated to the memory of Sidi Ramdane, a revered saint in Algerian Islamic
history. The mosque's architecture is simple yet elegant, reflecting the spiritual and historical significance of the site.
 madrasas (Quranic schools) and mausoleums
The Casbah of Algiers is home to several madrasas (Quranic schools) and mausoleums that serve both as places for
religious education and spiritual veneration. Among the madrasas, the Sidi Ramdane Madrasa plays a pivotal role in the
religious education of the community, reflecting the significance of Quranic instruction. The mausoleums, such as that
of Sidi M'hamed El Kebir and Sidi Abderrahmane, are pilgrimage sites dedicated to revered saints in Algeria,
underscoring the depth of spirituality and religious devotion in the local culture. Besides their religious role, these
structures showcase traditional architectural examples with decorative details that bear witness to the importance of
faith and tradition in the Casbah of Algiers.

Mausoleum Sidi Abderrahmane

Madrasas Sidi Abderrahmane
 The architectural and urban
characteristics of ancient medina of
Constantine
 The ancient Medina of Constantine, also known as Qasbah of Constantine or Casbah of Constantine, is a historic
district located in Constantine, Algeria. It is a city with a rich history that dates back to antiquity and is
characterized by a unique architectural and urban layout. Here are some of the key architectural and urban
characteristics of the ancient Medina of Constantine:

1-Cliffside Location
One of the most striking features of the Medina is its location on a plateau, which is bordered by deep canyons formed by the
Rhumel River. This natural setting gives the city a dramatic and picturesque appearance, with buildings perched on the edge of
the cliffs.
Narrow and Winding Streets: The streets within the Medina are typically narrow and winding, with many alleys and
passages connecting different parts of the district. This labyrinthine layout is characteristic of traditional North African
medinas and provides a sense of discovery for visitors.

Y-shaped dead end, in the keddid salah axis

Impasse broken,bech tarzi

T-shaped dead end, diahi

Traditional Architecture: The buildings in the Medina often feature traditional North African and Moorish architectural
elements, such as intricate geometric designs, decorative tilework, and ornate wrought iron grilles. These architectural
details are a testament to the city's cultural heritage.

plan of an old frame

Historical Monuments: Within the Medina, you can find numerous historical monuments and landmarks, including
mosques, palaces, and traditional homes. These structures are often well-preserved and offer a glimpse into the city's rich
history.

AHMED BEY PALACE Djemâa Lekbir

Medina Gates: The entrances to the Medina are marked by iconic gates that lead into the historic district. These gates are
often elaborately designed and serve as symbolic entry points to the old city.

Staircases and Bridges: Due to the Medina's cliffside location, it features a network of staircases and bridges that connect
different levels of the city. These architectural elements are essential for navigating the challenging terrain.
Panoramic Views: The city's elevated location provides breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding landscape,
including the deep canyons and the modern city of Constantine. Visitors can enjoy stunning vistas from various points
within the Medina.

Preservation Efforts: Efforts have been made to preserve the historical and architectural integrity of the Medina. The
district is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has contributed to its protection and maintenance.

The ancient Medina of Constantine is a remarkable example of a historic North African city with a distinctive blend
of natural beauty, traditional architecture, and a rich cultural heritage. Its unique urban layout and architectural features
make it a significant cultural and historical treasure.
 The architectural features and layouts of ancient
medinas in Algeria

The ancient medinas in Algeria are captivating urban enclaves steeped in history and culture, distinguished by a range of
architectural and urban characteristics. Enclosed by well-preserved defensive walls, these medinas boast a distinctive
sense of place. Within their labyrinthine streets, narrow and winding, one can trace the influence of Mediterranean and
Moorish architectural styles. The buildings often feature white-washed exteriors adorned with intricate geometric
designs, decorative tilework, and ornate wrought iron grilles. One of the remarkable features of these traditional homes is
the central courtyard, known as a "riad," replete with gardens and fountains, offering respite and serenity amidst the
bustling medina. The medinas also house prominent religious landmarks, including mosques with towering minarets, and
often exhibit lively marketplaces, or souks, where the air is filled with the fragrance of spices, vibrant textiles, ceramics,
and local crafts,
Moreover, historical landmarks such as palaces, forts, and ancient city gates are woven into the medina's
fabric, reflecting the deep-rooted history of these urban centers. Traditional building materials like
mudbrick, stone, and wood continue to be used, not only preserving historical aesthetics but also providing
natural temperature regulation. Navigating the undulating terrain of these medinas often requires traversing
staircases and reaching rooftop terraces that offer panoramic views of the city.

Significantly, conservation efforts have been undertaken, with some medinas, such as the Casbah of Algiers,
achieving UNESCO World Heritage status, leading to their protection and preservation. These medinas
serve as integral communal spaces, with squares and fountains being focal points for social gatherings and
religious activities. Elements of Islamic architecture, including domes, arches, and calligraphy, can be
observed throughout these historic districts. Furthermore, some traditional buildings have been adaptively
repurposed to serve modern needs, from guesthouses to shops, reflecting their inherent adaptability and
resilience. These architectural and urban characteristics collectively make the medinas of Algeria not only
historically significant but also a living testament to the enduring cultural heritage of the region.
 The Cultural significance and historical context of ancient medina in Algeria

The ancient medinas in Algeria hold immense cultural significance and are deeply rooted in the historical context of the
region. Here's an explanation of their cultural importance and historical context:
1-Cultural Significance:

1-1-Preservation of Traditions: The medinas are living repositories of traditional Algerian culture. Their
architectural styles, layouts, and the way of life within them have been passed down through generations. This
includes traditional crafts, cuisine, and cultural practices that are still evident in the medina's daily life.

1-2-Community and Social Bonds: Medinas are vibrant centers of communal life. The narrow streets and
communal squares encourage social interaction. They host various cultural events, religious celebrations, and
markets that foster a sense of community and social cohesion.

1-3-Art and Craftsmanship: The medinas are hubs for traditional craftsmanship, including intricate tilework,
metalwork, and textile production. These skills have been handed down through generations, and the medinas
remain centers for the preservation and continuation of these crafts.

1-4-Cultural Diversity: Algeria's history is marked by the coexistence of different cultures and ethnic groups.
The medinas often showcase this cultural diversity, with influences from Arab, Berber, Mediterranean, and
Moorish traditions, contributing to the rich tapestry of Algerian culture.
 Religious Significance: Medinas are home to numerous mosques and religious institutions. These sites hold religious and
cultural significance, serving as focal points for the community's spiritual life and contributing to the medina's unique
character.
2-Historical Context:
2-1-Ancient Origins: Many of Algeria's medinas have origins dating back centuries, with some established during Roman,
Byzantine, or Islamic rule. They have witnessed the rise and fall of empires, the spread of various dynasties, and the ebb and
flow of trade routes, making them invaluable historical records.

2-2-Trade and Commerce: Historically, the medinas served as essential trade hubs, connecting North Africa with Europe
and other parts of the Mediterranean. The bustling souks and marketplaces were critical in facilitating trade and cultural
exchange.

2-3-Defensive Structures: The fortified walls of the medinas are a testament to the historical need for protection. Algeria
has faced various invasions and occupations over the centuries, and the medina walls served as barriers against external
threats.

2-4-Colonial Influence: In more recent history, Algeria was a French colony, and the medinas played a role in the
resistance to colonial rule. The historic significance of these medinas was intertwined with the struggle for national
independence.

2-5- Modern Adaptations: Today, these ancient medinas continue to evolve and adapt to modern realities, embodying the
nation's journey from colonial rule to independence and subsequent developments. The balance between preservation and
adaptation is an ongoing reflection of Algeria's history.
In summary, the ancient medinas in Algeria represent the soul of the nation's cultural heritage. They serve as living
museums of history, culture, and traditions, while also being integral to the contemporary life of the cities they
inhabit. Their historical context spans centuries, from the ancient origins of trade and civilization to the more
recent challenges and changes Algeria has experienced. The medinas are not only architectural treasures but also
symbols of resilience, cultural diversity, and the enduring spirit of the Algerian people.