Norma Frontalis

Norma Frontalis
 The anterior view of the skull.

 Presents an irregular surface with 3

excavations:

1. one nasal cavity

2. two orbital cavities.
 Six Regions of Norma Frontalis
 Frontal Region
 Orbital Region
 Nasal Region
 Zygomatic Region
 Maxillary Region
 Mandibular Region.
I. The Frontal Region
Boundaries:

Superior
- top of the skull

Inferior
- orbits and root of
the nose
- frontal process of
the maxillae

Laterally
- frontal process of the
zygomatic bone.
 Characteristics Features
1. Frontal Tuberosity or
Eminence
2. Superciliary Arch
3. Glabella
4. Nasion
5. Supraorbital Margin
6. Supraorbital Notch.
II. The Orbital Region
Bones involved:
1. Maxilla
2. Zygomatic Bone
3. Sphenoid Bone
4. Frontal Bone
5. Palatine Bone
6. Ethmoid Bone
7. Lacrimal Bone.
 Boundaries of the
Orbital Cavity
Roof

- orbital plate of the

frontal bone

- lesser wings of
sphenoid.
 Medial Wall
- Frontal process of
the maxilla

- Lacrimal bone

- Orbitalplate of
ethmoid bone

- Body of sphenoid.
Lateral wall
- Zygomatic process
of the frontal bone

- Orbital
plate of the
zygomatic bone

- Orbitalplate of the greater

wings of sphenoid.
Floor
- Orbital plate of the maxilla

- Orbital
plate of the
zygomatic bone

- Orbital process of
the palatine bone.
Base
Superiorly – frontal bone

Medially - frontal process of

the maxilla

Laterally - frontal process of

the zygomatic
bone

Inferiorly - Maxilla medially

- zygomatic bone
laterally.
Apex

- Formed by the
convergence of the four
walls.
 Openings into the
Orbital Cavity
 Opening Location Structure
Orbital opening 5/6 of the eyeball
Supraorbital Superior margin Supraorbital
notch / foramen nerves/vessels
Infraorbital Floor/orbital Infraorbital nerve
groove and canal plate of maxilla and blood vessels

Nasolacrimal Medial wall Nasolacrimal

canal duct
 Opening Location Structure

Inferior Orbital Between maxilla 1. Maxillary nerve

Fissure and greater wing of and its
sphenoid zygomatic
branch
2. Inferior
Ophthalmic
vein
3. Sympathetic
nerves
 Opening Location Structure
Superior Orbital Between greater and 1. Lacrimal N.
Fissure lesser wings of 2. Frontal N.
sphenoid 3. Trochlear N.
4. Oculomotor N.
(upper and
lower divisions)
5. Abducent N.
6. Superior
Ophthalmic
Vein
 Opening Location Structure
Anterior Ethmoidal Frontal Bone 1. Nasociliary N.
Foramen 2. Anterior
Ethmoidal V. A.
and N.
Posterior Frontal Bone 1. Posterior
Ethmoidal Foramen Ethmoidal V.,
A. and N.
Optic Canal Lesser Wing of 1. Optic N.
Sphenoid 2. Ophthalmic N.
III. The Nasal Region
Bones involved
1. Nasal Bone
2. Frontal Bone
3. Ethmoid Bone
4. Sphenoid Bone
5. Vomer
6. Maxilla
7. Palatine Bone
8. Lacrimal Bone
9. Inferior nasal Concha.
Boundaries of the
Nasal Cavity
Anterior
– pyriform aperture

Posterior
- Pharynx thru
the posterior nares.
 Superior Wall
1. Anterior
– nasal bone
-nasal process of the
frontal bone

2. Middle
- cribriform plate of ethmoid
bone

3. Posterior
- body of the sphenoid
Median Wall

- Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid

- Vomer.
Inferior Wall

- Palatine process
of the maxilla

- Horizontal plate
of palatine bone.
Lateral Wall

1. Contain turbinates or conchae which are bony

elevations made up of:
a. Superior and middle conchae of
the ethmoid bone
b. Inferior nasal conchae or
turbinates
2. Bounded by the posterior nares
3. Contain meatuses between nasal conchaes.
 The Paranasal Sinuses
These are pneumatic bones surrounding the nasal
cavity.

Functions:
1. Lighten the bone of the skull
2. Resonating chambers.
 Maxillary Sinus
 The maxillary sinus is pyramidal in shape and
located within the body of the maxilla behind
the skin of the cheek.
 The roof is formed by the floor of the orbit,
and the floor is related to the roots of the
premolars and molar teeth.
 The maxillary sinus opens into the middle
meatus of the nose through the hiatus
semilunaris
 Frontal Sinuses
 The two frontal sinuses are contained within the
frontal bone.
 They are separated from each other by a bony
septum.
 Each sinus is roughly triangular, extending upward
above the medial end of the eyebrow and backward
into the medial part of the roof of the orbit
 Each frontal sinus opens into the middle meatus of the
nose through the infundibulum
 Sphenoidal Sinuses
 The two sphenoidal sinuses lie within the body
of the sphenoid bone.
 Each sinus opens into the sphenoethmoidal
recess above the superior concha
 Ethmoid Sinuses
 The ethmoidal sinuses are anterior, middle, and
posterior and they are contained within the ethmoid
bone, between the nose and the orbit.
 They are separated from the latter by a thin plate of
bone so that infection can readily spread from the
sinuses into the orbit.
 The anterior sinuses open into the infundibulum; the
middle sinuses open into the middle meatus, on or
above the bulla ethmoidalis; and the posterior sinuses
open into the superior meatus.
The Anterior View of the
Paranasal Sinuses
The Lateral View of the
Paranasal Sinuses
The Superior View of the
Paranasal Sinuses
Meatuses and Sinus Drainage of the Lateral
Wall of the Nasal Cavity
Meatus Sinus Drainage

Supreme or highest nasal Sphenoidal sinus

meatus or spheno-
ethmoidal recess

Superior Nasal Meatus Posterior ethmoidal sinus

Meatuses and Sinus Drainage of the Lateral
Wall of the Nasal Cavity

Meatus Sinus Drainage

Middle nasal meatus Anterior and middle

ethmoidal sinus; frontal
sinus; and maxillary sinus

Inferior nasal meatus Nasolacrimal duct

IV. The Zygomatic Region
- forms the prominence of a cheek, contributes to the
lateral orbital wall and floor, parts of the walls of
temporal and infratemporal fossae and completes the
zygomatic arch.

- roughly quadrangular with anteromedial and frontal

processes.

- It can be described as having three surfaces, five

borders and three processes.
 Lateral View of the Zygomatic Bone
The Three Processes of
the Zygomatic Bone:

1. Temporal process

2. Frontal process

3. Maxillary process
The Three Surfaces of the
Zygomatic Bone
1. Anterolateral Surface

-is convex and pierced near its

orbital border by the
zygomaticofacial foramen (for
the zygomaticofacial nerve and
vessels); below this
zygomaticus minor and,
posteriorly, zygomaticus major
are attached.
2. Posteromedial Temporal Surface
- has a rough anterior
area for articulation
with the maxilla and a
smooth, concave
posterior area extending
up posteriorly on its
frontal process as the
anterior aspect of the
temporal fossa.
 3. Orbital Surface
- smooth and concave, is the
anterolateral part of the
orbital floor and adjoining
lateral wall, extending up
on the medial aspect of its
frontal process.
The Five Borders of the
Zygomatic Bone
1. Orbital
2. Maxillary
3. Temporal
4. Posteroinferior
5. Posteromedial
 Openings of the
Zygomatic Region
 Foramen Location Structure
Zygomatico- Below the lateral zygomatico-
1.
facial foramen part of the lower facial branch
margin of the of the
orbit Zygomatic N.
2. Lacrimal A.
Zygomatico- Temporal process Zygomatico-
temporal foramen of the zygomatic temporal N. and
bone blood vessels
V. Maxillary Region
 Characteristic Features:
1. Anterior nasal spine
2. Infraorbital foramen
3. Canine fossa
4. Subnasal/incisive fossae
5. Canine eminence
6. Jugum or zygomatico-
alveolar arch
7. Alveolar processes of the
maxilla.
 Lateral View of the Maxilla
The 4 processes:
1. Frontal process
2. Zygomatic
process
3. Alveolar process
4. Palatine process.
Inferior View of the Maxilla
Sagittal View of the Maxilla
Openings of the Maxilla in
Norma Frontalis
 Opening Location Structure

Infraorbital Below the Infraorbital N.,

foramen infraorbital A., and V.
margin

Alveolar Lower margin of Roots of

processes the maxilla maxillary teeth
VI. The Mandibular Region
- Involves the mandible which is the strongest
bone of the face
- Houses the lower teeth
- Develops in 2 symmetrical halves which fuse
and ossify in the first year of life.
 Characteristic Features of the Mandible

1. Symphysis menti
2. Mental protuberance
3. Alveolar processes
4. Mental foramen.
Frontal View of the Mandible
Inferior View of the Mandible
Superior View of the Mandible
Medial View of the Mandible
Openings in the
Mandible
 Opening Location Structure

Mental foramen Between the apices of Mental nerve

the mandibular
premolars

Alveolar processes Upper border of the Roots of mandibular

mandible teeth

Mandibular foramen Lingual side of the Mandibular N.

ramus of the mandible