Chapter - 2 Final

Arba Minch University
Feb 11, 2024

Institute of Technology
Faculty of Computing & Software Engineering
Event Driven
Event Driven Programming

Programming
(SEngc351)
Mr. Addisu M. (Asst. Prof) G5 SE - Regular
1
Feb 11, 2024
Chapter 2

Programming with
Event Driven
2
Outline
Feb 11, 2024

 Using Data Types, Constants, & Variables
 Making Statements in a Program

 Working with Conditional Statements
 Working with Loops
 Working with Arrays
 Working with Strings and Typecasting 3
Language Fundamentals
Feb 11, 2024

 C# is an object-oriented language.
 Means you work with objects in building an application.
 Examples: Form objects, Button objects, TextBox objects,
Label objects, ListBox objects, PictureBox objects, etc
 C# is also termed an event-driven programming

language because you will write program code that responds to
events that are controlled by the system user.
 Example events include:
 Clicking a button or menu.
 Opening or Closing a form.
 Moving the mouse over the top of an object such as a text box
 Moving from one text box to another
4
General Features of C#
Feb 11, 2024

 It is an object oriented programming language.
 C# has been inspired by earlier OOP languages.
 Provides a quick way to develop heavy duty applications in
a windowing environment.
 It is a useful tool for developing event driven programs.

 Can be used to create both windows and web applications
 C# is case sensitive.
 When a line ends with the ~ character, this tells C# that the
code on that line is not complete.
 Comment can be written by preceding double slash(//)
5
Basic Concepts
Feb 11, 2024

 In order to work with C#, you need to understand some
terminologies as follows.
 Object:
• A thing or an entity in your application.
• Example: forms and controls you place on forms such as

buttons, text boxes, and icons.
 Property:
• describes object behaviors.
• Objects have properties.
• Example: Text, Name, BackColor, Font and Size.
• Refer to a property by the notation called Dot Notation. 6
Basic Concepts
Feb 11, 2024

 Methods:
 are the actions that objects exhibit.
 Example: Show, Hide, Print and Close forms.
 you can refer to a method with the dot notation
 Events:

 actions usually triggered by the system or user such as
clicking a button, key press, mouse mov’ts, etc., or some
occurrence such as system generated notifications
• applications need to respond to events when they occur
• For example, interrupts.
 Example: closing a form can trigger an event. 7
Basic Concepts
Feb 11, 2024

 Class:
 It is a sort of template for an object.
 Example:
• All forms belong to the Form class of object
• All buttons belong to the Button class of object
 include definitions for object properties, methods, and

associated events
 Each new object you create is defined based on its class –
the new object is called a class instance
 Example:
class SampleClass{
// Code goes here
} 8
Basic Concepts
Feb 11, 2024

 Instance:
 It is an object created from a class and represents current state.
 An instance of a class can be created using the new keyword.
 New command tells the compiler to create an instance of that class.
 Example Code: Form winForm = new Form ();
 The above C# code creates a windows form which is an instance of

windows forms class with the name winForm
 Dot Notation
 Used to reference object's properties and methods in code
 Syntax ObjectName.PropertyName/ObjectName.MethodName
 Example:
 Object dot Property frmForm.Text, txtTextBox.Text;
 Object dot Method frmForm.Hide( ), txtTextBox.Focus( )
 To reference an object's events use an underscore instead of a dot
Button_Click, ListBox_TextChanged 9
Constants and Variables
Feb 11, 2024

Variable
 Memory locations that hold data that can be changed
during program execution.
 has a type that determines what values can be stored
 name can be chosen by programmer in a meaningful way
 can be declared as follows: Data_Type var_Name;

e.g., int i;
 can be initialized at the time of declaration like:
int i = 3;
10
Constants and Variables
Feb 11, 2024

Constant
 Memory locations that hold data that cannot be changed during
program execution.
 Ex: Sales tax percentage, pie (П),…
 to declare constant variables, 'const' keyword should be used before
the Type
 Constants are unchanged during the execution of a program but a

variable may take different values at different times during the
execution of the program.
 can be declared as follows: const Data_Type const_Name;
 e.g., const int months = 12;
const int i=5 ;
const int j=i*5 ; No error
const int m=j*k ; Error
 Note: we can not use non constant value with constant value 11
Naming
Feb 11, 2024

 some rules to chose variable name by the programmer.
 must start with a letter, not a number or other character.
 should not be a keyword.
 can not start with a digits.
 identifier must start with a letter or an underscore
 Upper case and lower case are distinct.
 E.g., variable Height is not the same as height or HEIGHT.

 White space is not allowed
 can be no longer than 255 characters
 can't contain a period
 must be unique within the current procedure or module (this
restriction depends on the scope of the name)
12
Naming
Feb 11, 2024

 Variable and Control Recommended Prefixes
Prefix Variable/Control Example
b Boolean bLightsOn
c Currency cAmount
d Double dAnnualBudget

db Database dbStudent
dt Date+time dtDateDue
i Integer iCounter
l Long lNum
str String strMessage
a Array a_iMyArray
13
Naming
Feb 11, 2024

 Variable and Control Recommended Prefixes
Prefix Variable/Control Example
cbo Combo box cboMyList
chk Check box chkDoctorIn
btn Button btnLogin
frm Form frmMain
fra Frame fraTeams

Hsb/vsb Horizontal/Vertical scroll bar hsbText/vsbCom
img Image imgMain
key Keyboard key keyJ
lbl Label lblLastName
lst List box lstStooges
mnu Menu mnuEdit
txt Text/edit box txtAddress
tmr Timer tmrBreak
14
Variables – Scope & Lifetime
Feb 11, 2024

Scope of Variables
 region of code within which the variable can be accessed
 depends on the types of the variable and place of its declaration
 There are two important scopes in C#:
 Local scope: names defined within a method or a block within a method
 Class-level scope: names defined within the current class
Lifetimes of objects and variables

 Every object and variable in program has lifetime:
 It gets created (or instantiated) at some particular moment in time, and then at
some later time it dies.
 Variables that are defined within a method/block only live while the method
or block is being executed.
 Class-level instance variables (i.e. not variables that are static) have a lifetime
that is the same as the lifetime of the object they belong to.
 Objects become inaccessible when there are no longer any references
pointing to them.
 Periodically, C# runs a garbage collector. 15
Data Types
Feb 11, 2024

 specify the size and type of value that can be stored
 There are two types of Data types: Value & Reference Type
 Value type and reference type differ in two ways:
• Where they are stored in the memory.
• How they behave in the context of assignments statements.

16
Data Types
Feb 11, 2024

Type Represents Range Default Value
bool Boolean value True or False False
byte 8-bit unsigned integer 0 to 255 0
char 16-bit Unicode character U +0000 to U +ffff '\0'
128-bit precise decimal values with (-7.9 x 1028 to 7.9 x 1028) / 100 to 28 0.0M
decimal 28-29 significant digits

64-bit double-precision floating (+/-)5.0 x 10-324 to (+/-)1.7 x 0.0D
double point type 10308
32-bit single-precision floating point -3.4 x 1038 to + 3.4 x 1038 0.0F
float type
32-bit signed integer type -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 0
int
64-bit signed integer type -923,372,036,854,775,808 to 0L
long 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
short 16-bit signed integer type -32,768 to 32,767 0 17
Declaration Statements
Feb 11, 2024

 A declaration-statement declares a local variable or constant
 CONST used to declare Named Constants
 Declaration includes
 Name, follow Naming Convention Rules
 Data Type


Required Value for Constants
 Optional Initial Value for Variables
 Example
 String strName, strIdNo;
 Decimal decPayRate = 8.25
 DateTime hireDate;
 Boolean isFound;
 const Decimal PIE = 3.14m;
18
Program Flow Control
Feb 11, 2024

 used to alter the natural sequence of execution
 act as a direction signal to control the path a program takes
 The process of performing one statement after another is called
flow of execution or flow of control
 They can be: Decision statements and Loops
 Decision Statements

 help to conditionally execute program
if else:
if (condition){
Statements executed if condition is true
}
else{
Statements executed if condition is false
}
 can also have else if block in if else statements 19
Feb 11, 2024

 Decision Statements
Switch Statement:
switch (caseSwitch){
case 1:
stmt1 ‘ executed if var = 1;

break;
case 2
stmt2 ‘ executed if var = 2;
break;
default:
stmt3 ‘ executed if var is other than 1 and 2
break;
} 20
Feb 11, 2024

 Loops
 used to execute a code multiple times until a certain condition occurs
for loop
for (init; condition; increment){
statement(s);
}

While Statement
while (condition){
Executable Statements;
}
Do ... While Statement - Unlike while loop do … while loop will be
executed at least once even if the condition does not satisfy.
do{
excutable statements;
}while (condition); 21
Arrays
Feb 11, 2024

 a memory location that is used to store multiple values of
the same data types
 All the values in an array are referenced by their index or
subscript number
 These values are called the elements of the array

 Number of elements that an array contains is called the
length of the array
 Arrays can be single or multidimensional
• Single dimensional (1D) array is identified by only a single
subscript and
• Element in a two-dimensional (2D) array is identified by
two subscripts 22
Arrays
Feb 11, 2024

 Dimension has to be declared before using them
 Array declaration comprises the name of the array and the
number of elements the array can contain.
 Syntax of single dimension array:
Data_type[] ArrayName = new Data_type[number of elements];

 Example:
int[] values = new int[3];
int[] array = {10, 30, 50};
string[,] array = new string[2, 2];
int[,] two = new int[2, 2]; 23
String Manipulation
Feb 11, 2024

 Access characters from the beginning, middle, and end of a
string
 Replace one or more characters in a string
 Insert characters within a string
 Search a string for one or more characters

Determining Number of Characters Contained in String
 In many applications, it is necessary to determine the
number of characters contained in a string
 Use a string’s Length property to determine the number of
characters contained in the string
 Syntax of the Length property: string.Length
24
String Manipulation
Feb 11, 2024

Removing Characters from a String
 TrimStart method
 Remove one or more characters from the beginning of a
string
 Syntax: string.TrimStart([trimChars])
 TrimEnd method

 Remove one or more characters from the end of a string
 Syntax: string.TrimEnd([trimChars])
 Trim method
 Remove one or more characters from both the beginning and
end of a string
 Syntax: string.Trim([trimChars])
25
String Manipulation
Feb 11, 2024

Removing Characters from a String
Functions Description
string.Trim Removes leading and trailing spaces
string.Trim(char) Removes leading and trailing char
string.TrimStart Removes leading spaces
string. TrimStart(char) Removes leading char

string.TrimEnd Removes trailing spaces
string. TrimEnd(char) Removes trailing char
Removing Method
 remove one or more characters located anywhere in a string
 returns a string with the appropriate characters removed
 Syntax: string.Remove(startIndex, count) 26
String Manipulation
Feb 11, 2024

Determining Whether a String Begins or Ends with a
Specific Sequence of Characters
 StartsWith method
 Determine whether a specific sequence of characters occurs at the
beginning of a string
 Syntax: string.StartsWith(subString)
 EndsWith method

 Determine whether a specific sequence of characters occurs at the
end of a string
 Syntax: string.EndsWith(subString)
Accessing Characters Contained in a String
 Substring method - to access any # of characters in a string
 Syntax: string.Substring(startIndex, count)
 startIndex: index of the first character you want to access in string
 count (optional): specifies the # of characters you want to access 27
String Manipulation
Feb 11, 2024

Replacing Characters in a String
 Replace method - replace a sequence of characters in a string with
another sequence of characters
 Example: Replace batch code “13” with batch code “16” in a student
identity number
 Syntax: string.Replace(oldValue, newValue)

 oldValue: sequence of characters that you want to replace
 newValue: replacement characters
Inserting Characters within a String
 Insert method - insert characters within a string
 Example: insert student’s middle name within his or her full name
 Syntax: string.Insert(startIndex, value)
 startIndex: specifies where in the string you want the value inserted
28
String Manipulation
Feb 11, 2024

Searching a String
 IndexOf method - to search a string to determine whether
it contains a specific sequence of characters
 Syntax: string.IndexOf(value, [startIndex])
 value: sequence of characters for which you are searching

 startIndex: index of the character at which the search should
begin
 For example:
 Determine if ID code “RAMiT” appears in a student identity card
 Determine if the country code “+251” appears in a phone number
29
Methods and Their Types
Feb 11, 2024

 Method - a group of statements that together perform a task.
 Every C# program has at least one class with a method named
Main
 To use a method, you need to:
 Define the method
 Call the method

 Defining Methods in C#
 Syntax for defining a method in C# is as follows:
<Access Specifier> <Return Type> <Method Name>(Parameter List) {

Method Body
}
30
Feb 11, 2024

 Following are the various elements of a method:
 Access Specifier: determines the visibility of a variable or a method
from another class.
 Return type: method may return a value. The return type is the data
type of the value the method returns. If the method is not returning any
values, then the return type is void.
 Method name: a unique identifier and it is case sensitive. It cannot be

same as any other identifier declared in the class.
 Parameter list: Enclosed between parentheses, parameters are used to
pass and receive data from a method.
 Parameter list refers to type, order, and number of parameters of a
method
 Parameters are optional; that is, method may contain no parameters.
 Method body: contains set of instructions needed to complete
required activity 31
Feb 11, 2024

 Calling Methods in C# static void Main(string[] args)
public int FindMax(int n1, int n2) {/* local variable definition */
{ int a = 100;
//localvariable declaration int b = 200;
int result; int ret;
if (num1 > num2)

NumManip n = new NumManip();
result = num1; //calling FindMax method
else ret = n.FindMax(a, b);
result = num2; MessageBox.Show("Max value is :"
return result; + ret );
} }
32
Properties and Events
Feb 11, 2024

 Every Control has a set of properties, methods and events
associated with it.
 Example: Form
 Properties
 Name (program will use this name to refer)
 Text (title of the form),…

 Methods
 Show
 Hide
 Close,…
 Events
 Load
 UnLoad,…
33
Event Procedures
Feb 11, 2024

 Event - an action, such as the user clicking on a button.
 Usually, nothing happens until the user does something and
generates an event.
 Structure of an Event Procedure:
private return_type objectName_event(...) {

statements
}
Example:
private void btnShow_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){
int mark = int.Parse(txtMark.Text);
}
34
IntelliSense
Feb 11, 2024

 Automatically pops up to give the programmer help.

35
Class and Objects
Feb 11, 2024

Classes
 Blue print or template for an object.
 Contains common properties (data members) and methods of an
object
 Example: Car, Person, Animal.

Objects
 Instance of a class
 Gives life to a class
Examples:
 Abebe is an object belonging to the class Person
 D4D is an object belonging to the class Car
To create an object of a class
Class_Name obj_Name = new class_Name(); 36
Feb 11, 2024
Working with Strings and Typecasting
 Type Casting or Conversion – process to change one data
type value into another data type
 This is only possible if both data types are compatible with
each other else we will get compile time error saying cannot
implicitly convert one type to another type
 In C#, there are two types of casting:

 Implicit Casting (automatically) - converting a smaller type
to a larger type size
char -> int -> long -> float -> double
 Explicit Casting (manually) - converting a larger type to a
smaller size type
double -> float -> long -> int -> char
37
Feb 11, 2024
 Implicit Casting
• compiler will automatically convert one type to another
• done automatically when passing a smaller to a larger size type
• smaller data types like int (having less memory size) are automatically
converted to larger data types like long (having larger memory size)
• there will be no data loss

• This casting happens when:
• two data types are compatible
• When we assign a value of a smaller data type to a bigger data type
• Example:
int myInt = 9;
double myDouble = myInt; // Automatic casting: int to double
Console.WriteLine(myInt); // Outputs 9
Console.WriteLine(myDouble); // Outputs 9
38
Feb 11, 2024
 Explicit Casting
• done manually by placing type in parentheses in front of value
• explicitly convert larger to a smaller data type, explicitly using
cast operator
• there is a chance of data loss or the conversion might not be
succeeded for some reason - an unsafe type of conversion

• larger like double or long (having large memory size) are
converted to smaller data types like int, byte, short, float, etc.
(small memory size)
• Example: double myDouble = 9.78;
int myInt = (int)myDouble; // Manual casting: double to int
Console.WriteLine(myDouble); // Outputs 9.78
Console.WriteLine(myInt); // Outputs 9 39
Feb 11, 2024
 Type Conversion Methods
• also possible to convert data types explicitly by using built-in
methods, such as Convert.ToBoolean, Convert.ToDouble,
Convert.ToString, Convert.ToInt32 (int)
and Convert.ToInt64 (long):

int myInt = 10;
double myDouble = 5.25;
bool myBool = true;
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToString(myInt)); // convert int to string
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToDouble(myInt)); // convert int to double
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToInt32(myDouble)); // convert double to int
Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToString(myBool)); // convert bool to string 40
Feb 11, 2024
 Type Conversion using Parse() Method
• In C#, we can also use the built-in Parse() method to
perform type conversion.
• Used to perform type conversion between non-compatible
types like int and string
• Example:

string str1 = "100";
int i = int.Parse(str1); //Converting string to int type
Console.WriteLine("Original String : {str1} and Converted int : {i}");
string str2 = "TRUE";
bool b= bool.Parse(str2); //Converting string to boolean type
Console.WriteLine("Original String : {str2} and Converted bool : {b}"); 41
Feb 11, 2024
 Type Conversion using Parse() Method
• Like Convert class, at runtime, if the value is not compatible with
destination type, then you will also get a runtime error
• Example: string str1 = "Hello";
int i = int.Parse(str1); //Converting string to int
type

42
Inheritance and Polymorphism
Inheritance
 relationship where one class is derived from another existing
class, by inheriting all the properties and methods of the original
class called base class
 Derived Class (child) - the class that inherits from another class
Intro to Distributed System

 Base Class (parent) - the class being inherited from
 possible to inherit fields and methods
 To inherit from a class, use the : symbol
 class Dog inheriting from the base class Animal
 Dog class can now access fields and methods
of Animal class 43
Inheritance
 is-a relationship
• In C#, we use inheritance only if there is an is-a relationship
between two classes
• For example,
• Dog is an Animal (can derive Dog from Animal class)

• Apple is a Fruit (Apple from Fruit class )
• Car is a Vehicle (Car from Vehicle class)
 Types of inheritance
44
Inheritance
 Types of inheritance
• Single Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance
• Hierarchical Inheritance

• Multiple - C# doesn't support multiple inheritance
• Hybrid
45
Inheritance
 Example: Car class (child) inherits from Vehicle class (parent)
class Vehicle // base class (parent) {
public string brand = "Ford"; // Vehicle field
public void honk() // Vehicle method {

Console.WriteLine("Tuut, tuut!");
}
}
class Car : Vehicle // derived class (child) {
public string modelName = "Mustang"; // Car field
}
46
Inheritance
 Example: Car class (child) inherits from Vehicle class (parent)
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
// Create a myCar object

Car myCar = new Car();
// Call the honk() method (From Vehicle class) on myCar object
myCar.honk();
// Display value of the brand field (from Vehicle class) and
// the value of the modelName from the Car class
Console.WriteLine(myCar.brand + " " + myCar.modelName);
}
} 47
Inheritance
 relationship where one class is derived from another existing class,
by inheriting all the properties and methods of the original class
called base class
 Derived Class (child) - the class that inherits from another class

 Base Class (parent) - the class being inherited from
 possible to inherit fields and methods from one class to another
Examples: Employee Class
Person Class Student Class
Customer Class
48
Polymorphism
 poly means “Many,” and morph means “Forms”
• means “Many Forms”
 allows you to create multiple methods with the same name
but different signatures in the same class or in derived
classes

 There are two types of polymorphism
 Method Overloading
 Method Overriding
49
Polymorphism
 Method Overloading
• has several names like “Compile Time Polymorphism” or
“Static Polymorphism”
• means creating multiple methods in a class with the same

names but different/unique signatures (Parameters)
• compiler automatically calls the required method to
check the number of parameters and their type passed
into that method
50
Polymorphism
 Method Overloading
Example
public int Add(int num1, int num2) {
return (num1 + num2);
}

public float Add(float num1, float num2) {
}
public string Add(string value1, string value2) {
return (value1 + " " + value2);
} 51
Polymorphism
 Method Overriding
• has several names like “Run Time Polymorphism” or
“Dynamic Polymorphism”
• having two methods with the same name and same
signatures [parameters]; one should be in the base class, and

another should be in a derived class [child class]
• You can override the functionality of base class method to
create the same name method with the same signature in a
derived class
• You can achieve method overriding using inheritance.
• Virtual and Override keywords are used to achieve method
overriding 52
Polymorphism
class BaseClass { Example
public virtual int Add(int num1, int num2) {
}
}

class ChildClass: BaseClass {
public override int Add(int num1, int num2) {
if (num1 <= 0 || num2 <= 0) {
Console.WriteLine("Values could not be less than or equals to zero");
Console.WriteLine("Enter First value : ");
num1 = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Enter Second value : ");
num2 = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
}
}
} 53
Polymorphism
Example
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
BaseClass baseClassObj = new BaseClass();

Console.WriteLine("Base class method Add :" + baseClassObj.Add(-3, 8));
baseClassObj = new ChildClass();
Console.WriteLine("Child class method Add :" + baseClassObj.Add(-2,
2));
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
54
Feb 11, 2024
The End!
Questions, Ambiguities,

Doubts, … ???
55

Chapter - 2 Final

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Arba Minch University

Feb 11, 2024

Event Driven Programming

Event Driven Programming

Feb 11, 2024

Event Driven Programming

Feb 11, 2024

Event Driven Programming

Feb 11, 2024

Event Driven Programming

Feb 11, 2024

Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

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Event Driven Programming

<Access Specifier> <Return Type> <Method Name>(Parameter List) {

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Event Driven Programming

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