A Study of Onion Peel Dyeing on Silk Fabric

ABSTRACT
The research was carried out to discover the usage of natural substances which are eccentric and
unconventional as similar to the onion peel being the dyeing material. Dye was taken from the peel of the
onion 1 in medium which is neither basic nor acidic for tinting of silk. The study aim to give out a
diversity of colors on the silk cloth by means of onion (Allium cepa) external skin with various kind of
mordants; natural and chemicals like lemon peel, dry gooseberry, pemegrante, alum, ferrous sulphate and
sodium hydrosulphate. 3 distinctive methods of mordanting (pre-mordanting, meta-moedantig and post-
mordantig) has been used. All the dyed samples were assessed for their color value. Color fastness
features have also been measured and analyzed. According to the results obtained, it wasobserved that
color fastness to rubbing using lemon peel and alum mordant with pre-mordanting method was better as
compared to other samples. Color fastness to washing using lemon peel mordant with pre and meta-
mordanting method was better for the color change and ferrous sulphate mordant with the all
threemethods like pre, meta and post was good for the colorstain as compared to other samples.
Meenakshi, Harinder pal, Pooja Kumari
Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya
 Dyeing of Silk Fabric using Polyacrylamide as Exhausting Agent

ABSTRACT
Silk fiber were successfully dyed with 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% basic dye using
polyacrylamide as exhausting agent in the Wet Processing Laboratory of South
University (SEU), Dhaka, Bangladesh on 15 April, 2019. For comparison, silk
fiber were also dyed with same day. Spectrophotometric evaluation of samples
was made in the Color Matching Laboratory of Southeast University on 25 April,
2019. Comparisons showed that fabric samples dyed with polyacrylamide
exhaustion method are slightly lighter. The wash fastness was measured in the
Wet Processing Laboratory of SEU on 29 April 2019 and the rubbing fastness was
measured in the Testing and Quality Control Laboratory of SEU on the same day.
The wash fastness for both type of samples are found poor but the rubbing
fastness are found quite good. However the wash fastness and rubbing fastness for
both types of samples are found quite comparable to each other.
Dyeing of Silk Using Natural Dyes Extracted
From Local Plants
ABSTRACT
The uses of natural dyes are having an age old history since ancient periods. The name natural dyes
derived from plants, insects and minerals. After the invention of synthetic dyes, they are withdrawn
from market, due to their limitations. In long term use the synthetic dyes are very much harmful for
human skin due to the presence of other chemicals used during manufacturing. Natural dyes have
now entered a new era where they are required and used for their many intrinsic values. Local plants
are one source of natural colorant which is grouped under plants sources. They are easily available in
the country and can be considered as zero cost dyes as they are planted for other purposes. Plants are
the major sources of natural colorants and almost all their parts such as stem, leaves, fruits, seeds,
and pills are used for extracting natural color and they have antimicrobial, antifungal, insect repellent,
deodorant, disinfectant and other medicinal values. In this project the chemical constituent, the
coloring component and extraction method of plants dyes are reviewed in detail. Dyes were extracted
from leaves, roots and bark of plants and silk was dyed with these dyes by different mordanting
techniques with mordants. After dyeing, the dyed silk was subjected to different fastness tests.

REDWAN JIHAD
INERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH
DYEING of SILK with NATURAL DYES
OBTAINED FROM BARKS of FICUS RELIGIOSA
ABSTRCT
The present investigation was carried out to revive the old art of dteing with natural dye obtained
from barks of Ficus religiosa.L. Ficus religiosa.L belongs to family moraceae, commonly known
as peepal tree.the dye has good scope in the commercial dyeing of silk in garments industry. In the
present industry, bleached silk fabrics were dyed with chemical and natural mordants. Dyeing was
carried out by pre-mordanting, post mordanting and simultaneous mordanting.the dyed samples
have shown good washing, light and rubbing fastness properties. The various color changes were
measured by computer color matching software. The heavy metal like antimony, arsenic, cadmium
and lead present in the extract were determined by inductive coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer.

SARAVANAN and CHANDRAMOHAN

Department of Chemistry
A.J Collage of Engineering
DYEING OF SILK WITH NATURAL DYE
ABSTRACT
Eco-friendly dyes have gained much important in dyeing of textile, especially silk fabric.
The possibilities to extract dyes from plants and to optimize various dyeing variables of
these dyes for dyeing of silk have been studied. The natural dyes which were selected for
the study included Jatropha, Lantana, Hamelia, Euphorbia, Kilmora and Walnut. Silk was
initially degummed prior to dyeing, to make the fabric free from sericin, which obstructs the
penetration of dyestuffs into the fiber. A series of experiments were conducted to determine
the dye-extraction medium, optimum concentration of dye, extraction time, dyeing time,
mordant concentration and method of mordanting. The acidic media exhibited maximum
percent absorption for Jatropha, Lantana, Hamelia, and Euphorbia dye, while kilomora and
Walnut dye showed good results in alkaline medium. The results obtained fromdifferent
experiments lead to the optimization of a standard recipe for dyeing of silk with each dye
source.

EKTA SHARMA
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Science
DYEING of SILK with ECO-FRIENDLY NATURAL
DYES OBTAINED FROM FLOWER
ABSTRACT
Introduction and application of eco-friendly natural dyes on textile coloration have
significant importance on the reduction of environmental pollution. Natural dyes are
obtained from natural source as plants, insects and minerals. Among all the plants
based dye source i.e. barks, flowers, seeds etc. floral dye sources are more important
for textile dyeing as it provides both dye as well as fragrance. In this study, the
Syzguum Cumini (SC) plant extract is dyed with silk fabrics by different mordenting
techniques with different mordant. After dyeing, the dyed silk is subjected to
different fastness tests. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources
and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
M.SANTHI and KOWSALYA
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry
DYEING of SILK FABRIC WITH A FUNGAL
PIGMENT USING RSM
ABSTRACT
This study explores the extraction and application of a sustainable dye derived from Talaromyces
purpurogenus fungi for dyeing silk fabric. The fungal dye imparted a vibrant red shade to silk, offering a
promising alternative to synthetic dyes. The dyeing process was optimize using the Box and Behnken
Design of RSM software, focusing on dye pH, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time. Silk was dyed using an
HTHP dyeing machine, and its performance was assessed in terms of colour strength, percent absorption,
light fastness, rubbing fastness, and washing fastness. SEM imaging and FT-IR spectroscopy were employed
to investigate the interaction between the dye and silk fabric. The optimized dyeing process resulted in silk
fabric with a satisfactory red shade, demonstrating favorable fastness ratings at pH 5. the optimal dyeing
conditions included a dye pH of 5, dyeing temperature of 82 degree celsious, and dyeing time of 55minutes,
with an optical density of 10 and MLR of 1:30. Silk fabric exhibited maximum dye absorption capacity at
Ph5 , while maintaining excellent washing and rubbing fastness properties. However, the fastness of dyed
silk fabric was relatively poor. Microscopic examination revealed a rough surface texture. Overall, this
study highlights the potential of T.purpurognus fungal dye as a sustainable alternative for silk fabric dyeing,
while emphasizing the importance of addressing challenges such as improving light fastness through surface
treatment and further exploring dyeing techniques.

HIMANI VERMA, A.K. SHARMA

Department of Clothing and Textiles
Uttarakhand
DYEING of SILK WITH NATURAL DYES USING
NATURAL SOURCES of WATER
ABSTRACT
River water containing different types of metals and heavy metals are far more efficient in promoting
surface colour strength all round colourfastness properties of silk fabrics when dyed with aqueous extract
of Ceriops decandra and Diospyros malabarica. However, pre mordanting with aluminium and /or ferrous
sulphate would promote the depth od shade and colourfastness properties further. Calcium and magnesium
are found to be present appreciable amount in the different river water considered in this study and are
found to be higher than that present in water collected from Kolkata Municipality Corporation. Analysis of
different river and aquifer water showed the presence of different metals and heavy metals and their value
stays well below the specified permissible limit as mentioned in WHO standard. The presence of such trace
amount of different metals played a significant role in promoting dye uptake and all round colourfastness
properties also. The prasence of such metal in the dyed fabric also appeared to stay much below the limit of
Oeko-Tex standard referred often for producing environment friendly textiles.

MRIDHA, ALOKESH
Journal of The Institution of Engineering ( INDIA)
DYEING of SILK FABRIC with NATURAL DYE
EXTRACED FROM Cassia singueana Plants
ABSTRACT
Introduction and application of eco-friendly natural dyes on textile coloration have significant importance on the reduction
of environmental pollution. Due to this reason many scientists are doing research work on natural dye application on textile
materials in the past few years. Having this in mind, this investigation was concerns with the dyeing of silk fabric with
colorant extraction from bark of Hambo (Cassia singueana) plant in the presence of Aloe Vera as natural mordant. Aqueous
extraction method was employed for obtaining colouring components. The extraction parameters have been studied and
optimum dye extraction condition was examined under UV- Visible spectroscopy which recorded its maximum absorption
as (A=3.9). Silk fabric was dyed with the extracted natural dye without mordant and in the presence of synthetic and natural
mordants using different mordanting techniques. The color strength, CIE LAB values and fastness properties of the dyed
samples were analysed according to the international standards. The washing fastness, rubbing fastness and light fastness
obtained from the directly dyed without mordant and dyed using with Aloe Vera and Copper sulphate mordant was almost
similar which was recorded in the range of very good to excellent. The result of this investigation led to the conclusion that
there is possibility of dyeing of silk fabric using natural dye extracted from Cassia singueana plant directly without mordant
and dyeing in the presence of Aloe Vera with acceptable range of fastness properties of dyed silk fabric.

TAAME BERHANU TEKLEMEDHIN AND L.HARI GOPALAKRISHNA

Department of Textile Engineering , Dire Dawa Institute of Technology
Dyeing of Silk Fabric with Natural Dye from
Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) Extract
ABSTRACT
Natural dye extracted from the leaves of camphor ( Cinnamomum camphora)was applied to
silk fiber, with and without metallic salt mordants, using the exhaust dyeing method. Three
techniques, meta-mordanting and pre-mordanting, were employed, using photash alum,
ferrous sulphate and zinc sulphate as mordants. Dyed silk was analysed for KIS, CIE
L*a*b* values, and colourfastness performance to washing, light and crocking. Optimal
results were obtained for dyeing at 90 degree celcious for 60min at Ph 4. A yellowish shade
was observed when silk fabric was dyed without mordants, and a variety of pale to dark
reddish colour shades were achieved with the trio of mordant ; ferrous sulphate produced
the dullest and darkest shades. Colourfastness to washing fair to good, colourfastness to
light was poor to fair, and colourfastness to crocking was good to excellent.

Asfandyar Khan, Muhammad Tahir Hussain