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A study on fastness properties of a natural dye extracted from pseudo-stem of

Musa Paradisiaca on silk fabric

Article  in  Man-Made Textiles in India · June 2004

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A study on fastness properties of a Natural Dye extracted from

Pseudo-stem of Musa Paradisiaca on Silk Fabric

L.Ammayappan *, Ganesh Kumar, Dwaraka Krishnan,

Department of Textiles, Rajapalayam Rajus’ College,

Rajapalayam – 626117, Tamilnadu.

Abstract

A natural dye is extracted from the pseudo-stem of Musa

Paradisiaca and it gave vanilla cream colour without mordanting

and with mordants gave different colour in pale and light shade on

silk fabric. After mordanting the light fastness is improved only in

post mordanting method with ferrous sulphate and tannic acid and

washing fastness is improved in pre mordanting method with

ferrous sulphate.

1
Introduction

Bananas are most widely produced tropical fruit grown in more than 120

countries, covering 10 million ha with an annual production of 88 million tones. India

ranks first between 10 largest banana and plantain producing countries of the world.

Bananas and plantains are grown in a majority of tropical household compounds.

Banana and plantain are frequently used as a source of fibre. Banana fibre is extracted

from dried petioles and psuedostems of plants and yields a fiber used extensively in

manufacturing of certain papers, particularly where great strength is required. The paper

is used for, amongst other things making teabags and bank notes. The fiber has

numerous other uses including textile manufacture, for making ropes, strings and

threads, and for the production of such handicrafts as basket, toys, tablemats, wall

hangings and lampshades. Mechanical devices for efficient extraction of fibre from

banana psuedostems have been developed by CIRCOT, Mumbai, which are likely to be

commercialized. Juice of banana stem is well-known remedy for urinary disorders. It

improves the functional efficiency of kidney and liver thereby alleviating the discomfort

and diseased conditions. It has been found to be of great help in the treatment for urine
(1)
and removal of stones in the kidney, gall bladder and prostate. A study on extraction

of natural dyes from the stem core of Musa Paradisiaca and dyed and its dyeing
(2)
behaviour on silk fabric was done . Natural mordant was obtained from aqueous

extract of banana flower petaloids (under pressure and evaporating to dryness) and

applied as mordant (3.5%) for woolen yarn followed by dyeing with turmeric. This
(7)
mordant does not cause any damage to wool. . This present study was aimed to

2
extract a natural dye from pseudo stem of Banana and dyed it with silk fabric with and

without four different mordants in three different mordanting methods in order to get

various shades. The washing fastness and light fastness of the final colour had also

been assessed.

Materials and methods

Materials

Fabric

Bleached plain-woven silk fabric was used for this dyeing experiment. Prior to

dyeing the fabrics were treated with an aqueous solution contains sodium carbonate

(2gpl) and non-ionic surfactant (5 gpl) at 50oC for 30 minutes then thoroughly washed

and air-dried.

Dye and chemicals

The pseudo-stem from an unripe banana tree was collected and it was crushed

by padding mangle in order to extract the juice and collected the extract in a stainless

steel vessel. The pH of the extract was 7-8.It was kept under shadow and left for drying.

The dry mass was used as the dye powder and it was weighed .The dye yield was 2-

3%.

For mordanting purposes ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate, aluminium

sulphate and tannic acid are used. All others chemicals used of LR grade.

3
Dyeing method

The dyeing was performed in the laboratory tub-liquor dyeing machine. The dye

powder was easily dissolved in hot distilled water and it was filtered through Whatman

filter paper No 1 and the filtered solution was used for dyeing purpose.

Dyeing without mordanting

The silk fabric was entered into the dye bath at 40oC and the bath temperature

was gradually raised to 95oC in 20 minutes and dyed for 45 minutes. After dyeing the

sample was taken out, washed with warm water, then cold water and dried at ambient

condition.

Dyeing with mordanting

Mordanting of silk fabric was carried out with four different mordants i.e. ferrous

sulphate, potassium dichromate, aluminium sulphate and tannic acid in three different

methods called pre-mordanting, post-mordanting and simultaneous dyeing and

mordanting as per the literature. (3)

Assessment of fastness properties

Washing fastness

Washing fastness of different dyed samples was assessed using ISO Standard

Test No.2.The change in shade was visualized using grey scale and graded from 1 to 5.

1 indicates poor and 5 indicates excellent to washing.

Light fastness

Colourfastness to light was assesses by AATCC test method 16B-1977 and they

were graded from 1 to 8. 1 indicates poor and 8 indicates excellent fastness to light. (4)

4
Results and Discussion

A natural dye was extracted from the psuedo-stem of Banana tree and dyed with

silk fabric using exhaust-dyeing technique. Four mordants i.e. ferrous sulphate,

potassium dichromate, aluminium sulphate and tannic acid were applied in three

different mordanting methods. The various colour obtained from different dyeing method

and their fastness properties were analyzed with respect to control sample.

Effect of dye bath pH on Fastness

Generally silk can be dyed in weakly acidic medium (pH 4-5) with all class of

dyes because the electrovalent bond between protonated amine group (-NH3+) of silk

polymer and phenolate ion / carboxylate ion of the dye molecule (Ph-O- / -COO-)

occurred only at weakly acidic pH is formed at weakly acidic pH. (5) In order to ascertain

the maximum exhaustion of this natural dye on silk, the silk fabric was dyed with this

natural dye at different pH without mordant at 95oC for 45 minutes. From table 1 it is

observed that the light fastness of the dyed samples at different dye bath pH is same.

But the washing fastness is changed from moderate to good with increasing in the pH

up to neutral pH and it is declined above pH 7. The washing fastness is good at dye

bath pH of 4-5 with dye bath additive of acetic acid which may be due to ionization of

hydroylate / carboxylate ion in the dye molecule at acidic pH and bonding with peptide

polymer of silk fiber.

In case of change in staining, the staining of cotton occurred only at > pH 7.It

may be due to inadequate ionization of the dye molecule under alkaline condition which

leads to deposition as loose dye molecule on the surface of the fibers.

5
Effect of mordanting on final colour

From table 2 it is observer that a varieties of shades in different tones are

obtained using different mordants on silk fabric dyed with the natural dye. Without

mordanting it gave vanilla cream colour in pale and light shade. It is also seen that a

considerable change in tone of dyed sample with respect to mordants and mordanting

method. With mordants i.e. ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate, aluminium sulphate

and tannic acid gave yellowish, sandal & cream, sandal and grayish tone respectively.

The variation in the shade and tone of the final colour may be due to variation in the

intensity of coordination between metal ion and the mordant dye.(6)

Effect of mordanting on fastness property

Without mordanting the washing and light fastness of this dye is good and after

mordanting the fastness is improved only in some cases.

From table 2 it is seen that the washing fastness is improved only in

premordanting method (ferrous sulphate) and light fastness in post mordanting method

with tannic acid and ferrous sulphate. In other cases we observed that the fastness is

either remained same or decreased by 1 to 2 scales. The decrease in the washing

fastness may be due to the breaking of the dye-mordant complex during alkaline

washing.

Among the dye-mordant complex the tannic acid-dye complex faded more than

other mordant-dye complex during alkaline washing and among the mordanting method

simultaneous dyeing and mordanting method gave inferior fastness than other methods

and it may be due to the formation of dye-mordant complex on the surface of the fiber

which can be removed easily during alkaline washing. Since the dye-mordant complex

has no affinity towards cotton, the staining on cotton fabric is less/none.

6
Conclusion

• The yield of natural dye extracted from pseudo-stem of Musa paradasiaca is 2-

3%

• The natural dye gave vanilla cream colour without mordanting and with mordants

gave different colour/tone only in pale and light shade on silk fabric.

• The maximum exhaustion of this natural dye on silk fabric is at pH 4-5.

• After mordanting the light fastness is improved in post mordanting method with

ferrous sulphate and tannic acid and washing fastness in pre mordanting method

with ferrous sulphate only.

Reference:

1. Browsing from http://www.aipub.org/Banana_Article.pdf

2. Colour From Nature, Silk dyeing using Natural dyes, Volume 2, Oxford & IBH
Publication Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, First edition, 2002,476-477.

3. C L Bird, Theory and Practice of Wool Dyeing, JSDC, Yorkshire, Third

Edition, 1963(110-116)

4. AATCC, Technical Manual (1977)

5. Trotman .E.R, Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibers, 5th Edition,

Griffin, London, 1975.

6. K J Patel, B H Patel, J A Naik and A M Bhavsar, Man-made Textiles in India,

XLV(11),2002 (420-425).

7. J P Mathur and N P Gupta, Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research,

28(1), 2003(90-93)

7
 Tale 1: Effect of dye bath pH on fastness properties of natural dye

dyed on silk fabrics

Washing fastness
Light
Dye bath additives pH Change in Change in
Fastness
Shade Staining
H2SO4 2 6-7 3 5

CH3COOH + HCOOH 3-4 6-7 3-4 5

HCOOH 4 7 3-4 5
CH3COOH 4-5 7 4 5
NaCl 7 7 4 5
None 7-8 6 2-3 4
Na2CO3 8-9 6 3 4
NaOH 10-11 6 3 4

8
 Table 2: Different colour obtained and fastness properties of natural dye dyed on silk
fabrics with different mordants in three mordanting methods

Washing fastness
Dyeing Light Change
Mordant Change Colour
Process fastness in Obtained
in Shade
Staining
Without
-- 7 4 5 Vanilla Cream
Mordanting
Potassium
6 4 4 Pale sandal
Pre dichromate
Mordanting Tannic acid 6-7 2-3 5 Brownish Grey
Process Ferrous sulphate 6-7 5 5 Mustard Yellow
Aluminium sulphate 6 4 4 Greenish Sandal
Potassium
Simultaneous 5-6 2-3 5 Cream
dichromate
Mordanting
Tannic acid 3-4 2-3 5 Grey
and Dyeing
Ferrous sulphate 5-6 3 4-5 Yellowish Grey
process
Aluminium sulphate 5 3 5 Sandal
Potassium
7 4 4 Yellowish Brown
Post dichromate
Mordanting Tannic acid 7-8 2-3 4 Pale Brown
Process Ferrous sulphate 7-8 3 5 Pale Yellow
Aluminium sulphate 5-6 3 5 Sandal

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