Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AGENTS
TOPICS:
❑ Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs
✔ Classification by Susceptible Organism
✔ Classification by Mechanism of Action
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Antibiotic and
Antimicrobial drug are
used interchangeably.
However, be aware that
the formal definitions of
these words are not
identical.
an ANTIBIOTIC is a chemical that is
produced by one microbe and has
the ability to harm other microbes.
Under this definition, only those
compounds that are actually made
by microorganisms qualify as
antibiotics.
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EMPIRIC ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
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Classification by Susceptible Organism
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ANTIBIOTICS DIFFER WIDELY IN THEIR
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY.
Narrow-spectrum Broad-spectrum
antibiotics, are active antibiotics are active
against only a few against a wide variety of
species of microbes.
microorganisms.
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Classification by Mechanism of Action
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THE ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS FALL INTO SEVEN MAJOR GROUPS
BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION.
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Selection of an Effective
•
Antibiotic
Selecting an incorrect drug will delay proper treatment, giving the microorganisms more time to
invade.
• Prescribing ineffective antibiotics also promotes the development of resistance and may cause
unnecessary adverse effects in the patient.
• Ideally, laboratory tests should be conducted to identify the specific pathogen prior to beginning anti-
infective therapy. Laboratory tests may include examination of urine, stool, spinal fluid, sputum, blood,
or purulent drainage for microorganisms.
• Organisms isolated from the specimens are grown in the laboratory and identified. After identification,
the laboratory tests different antibiotics to determine which is most effective against the infecting
microorganism. This process of growing the pathogen and identifying the most effective antibiotic is
called culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing.
ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Over time, an organism that had once been highly
sensitive to an antibiotic may become less susceptible,
or it may lose drug sensitivity entirely. In some cases,
resistance develops to several drugs. Acquired
resistance is of great concern in that it can render
currently effective drugs useless, thereby creating a
clinical crisis and a constant need for new
antimicrobial agents. As a rule, antibiotic resistance is
associated with extended hospitalization, significant
morbidity, and excess mortality.
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To answer this question, we need to recall two
aspects of microbial ecology: (1) microbes
secrete compounds that are toxic to other
microbes and (2) microbes within a given
ecologic niche (e.g., large intestine, urogenital
tract, skin) compete with each other for available How Do
nutrients.
Under drug-free conditions, the various
Antibiotics
microbes in a given niche keep each other in Promote
check.
Furthermore, if none of these organisms is
Resistance?
drug resistant, introduction of antibiotics will
be equally detrimental to all members of the
population and therefore will not promote the 20
growth of any individual microbe.
However, if a drug-resistant organism is present,
antibiotics will create selection pressure
favoring its growth by killing off sensitive
organisms.
In doing so, the drug will eliminate the toxins
they produce and will thereby facilitate survival How Do
of the microbe that is drug resistant.
Also, elimination of sensitive organisms will Antibiotics
remove competition for available nutrients,
thereby making conditions even more favorable
Promote
for the resistant microbe to flourish. Resistance?
Hence, although drug resistance is of no benefit
to an organism when there are no antibiotics
present, when antibiotics are introduced, they
create selection pressure favoring overgrowth of 21
microbes that are resistant.
ALL antimicrobial drugs promote
the emergence of drug-resistant
organisms. However, some agents
are more likely to promote resistance Which
than others. Because broad-spectrum Antibiotics
antibiotics kill more competing Promote
organisms than do narrow-spectrum Resistance?
drugs, broad-spectrum agents do the
most to facilitate emergence of
resistance.
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During antibiotic therapy, a nurse should…
Monitor SUPERINFECTIONS
E valuate liver / renal functions
D iarrhea (GI DISTRESS:N/V/D/C), may be common, provide health teachings
I nform the patient to consult prior to taking other meds
C ultures prior to initial dose (ideally)
Ask about Allergy and alcohol is No - no
T each patient that antibiotic are to be taken on full course
E valuate cultures, temperature and lab results
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SUPERINFECTION
Superinfection is a special
example of the emergence
of drug resistance. A
superinfection is defined
as a new infection that
appears during the course
of treatment for a primary
infection.
SUPERINFECTION
Aminoglycosides Flouroquinolones
Tetracyclines Sulfonamides
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PENICILLIN Nomenclature: usually ends in “-cillins”
Known Drug: pen g (iv form), pen v (oral form),
amoxicillin
Action: bactericidal, inhibit cell wall synthesis
(beta-lactam ring)
Indication: most gram (+) and some gram (-)
bacteria
• Pneumonia, rti, uti, sti, some skin infections
• Meningitis, GI infections due to salmonella
and shigella
Warnings: allergy to penicillin and
cephalosphorins, caution with renal and liver
failure
side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
watch out for: allergy and superinfection,
haemolytic anemia
Note: bacterial evolution had enable some
bacteria to resist penicillin by releasing
penicillinase and beta-lamases
Further Note:
PENICILLIN Broad-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
• Prototype: amoxillin, ampicillin (se: rash,
pseudomembranous colitis)
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
(antistaphyloccoal penicillins)
• Prototype: methicillin (se: interstitial nephritis)
• Not used for mrsa
Extended-spectrum penicillins
(antipseudomonal penicllins)
• Used w/th clavunalic acid
• Ticarcillin , carbenicillin, pipercillin
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
• amoxicillin- clavulanic acid
• ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn),
• piperacillin-tazobactam (vigocid)
• Ticarcillin- clavulanic acid (triclav)
PENICILLIN
Drug interactions:
• may decrease the
effectiveness of oral
contraceptives
• IF mixed with an
aminoglycoside in IV solution,
the actions of both drugs are
inactivated.
Cephalosporin
CEPHALEXIN Nomenclature: usually STARTS in “Cef-”
Known Drug: cephalexin, ceftriaxone
Action: bactericidal, inhibit cell wall
synthesis, resistant to beta-lactamase
Indication: gram (+) and (-) bacteria
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Macrolide
MACROLIDE Nomenclature: has “-thromycin” but pls
remember ace
Known Drug: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin,
Erythromycin
Action: bacteriostatic, inhibit protein
synthesis
Indication: gram (+) and (-) bacteria
• mild to moderate RTI, INFECTION OF
sinuses, GI tract, skin and soft tissue,
diphtheria, impetigo contagiosa, and STI
Warnings: allergy to MACROLIDES caution
with renal and liver functions
side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
AnD CRAMPING, POSSIBLY
CONJUCTIVITIS (AZITH), arrhythmia
MACROLIDE
Watch for: signs of SUPERINFECTION
DRUG INTERACTION:
• can increase serum levels of theophylline
(bronchodilator),
• To avoid severe toxic effects,
erythromycin should not be used with
other macrolides
• Antacids may reduce azithromycin peak
levels when taken at the same time
LINCOSAMIDES
GLYCOPEPTIDES
Extended-Macrolide Group
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Nomenclature: NONE
EXTENDED-MACROLIDE GROUP: Known Drug: Clindamycin
LINCOSAMIDES
Action: Bacteriostatic, inhibit RNA
TRANSLOCATION, may also have bactericidal
effect
Indication: ANAEROBIC INFECTIONS ABOVE
THE DIAPHRAGM
• Lung abscess
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Mrsa soft tissue infections
• Necrotizing fasciitis
• PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, stomatitis,
rash
Adverse effects: colitis and anaphylactic
shock.
Drug interactions: incompatible with
aminophylline, phenytoin (Dilantin),
barbiturates, and ampicillin
Nomenclature: NONE
EXTENDED-MACROLIDE GROUP: Known Drug: vancomycin
Action: bactericidal, inhibit cell wall synthesis
ANTIFUNGALS / ANTIMYCOTIC
• POLYENES (E.G., AMPHOTERICIN B,
NYSTATIN)
• AZOLES (E.G., KETOCONAZOLE)
• ANTIMETABOLITES (E.G., FLUCYTOSINE)
• ECHINOCANDINS (E.G., CASPOFUNGIN)
• ANTIPROTOZOALS (E.G., ATOVAQUONE
POLYENES • NOMENCLATURE: NONE
AMPHOTERICIN B
• KNOWN DRUG: FUNGIZONE